AMERICAN HISTORY I Unit 4 Forging The New Nation
Objective analysis: Unit 4: Forging The New Nation Time: 1789 1820 Objective: The learner will identify, investigate, and assess the effectiveness of the institutions of the emerging republic.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. Formation of Political Parties Why? Differences over how the Constitution should be interpreted. Federalist Party (1) Founded by Alexander Hamilton Believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution Democratic-Republican Party (2) [The Republican Party] Founded by Thomas Jefferson Believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. Federalists Alexander Hamilton Loose interpretation (46) Less voting rights Distrust of the common man Government should be run by the wealthy, welleducated class.(48) Democratic-Republicans Thomas Jefferson Strict interpretation (47) More voting rights Government based on the will of the common man/independent farmer (49)
Alexander Hamilton vs. Thomas Jefferson
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. One of the first actions of the new government was to create the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights (3) is the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Their aim is to protect individual rights (liberties) from government abuse They include Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Right to bear arms, etc.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. The new Federal government needed to show that it was determined to enforce its laws. The opportunity to show this arose when Western Pennsylvanian corn farmers threatened secession over the excise tax on Whiskey and the Whiskey Rebellion (15) broke out. President Washington led a Federal militia into Pennsylvania and ended the rebellion without a single shot fired.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. The Federalist influence over the Federal Court system was expanded further when John Adams appointed the Midnight Judges (11). These were judges appointed by Adams with the intent of limiting the scope of what Thomas Jefferson could accomplish as President. Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. The Supreme Court, established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 (4), ruled over several decisions that increased the power of the Federal Government. John Marshall (5) was the Chief Justice who presided over these decisions. Key among these cases was the case of Marbury v. Madison (6), in which the policy of Judicial Review was established. Judicial Review (7) allows to the Supreme Court to decide if Acts of Congress fit the Constitution.
John Marshall, Supreme Court Chief Justice (Federalist)
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. Other cases that Marshall presided over that expanded the power of the Federal Government. Gibbons v. Ogden (8) Interstate Commerce McCullough v. Maryland (9) upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (10) Right of individuals to enter into contracts without State interference.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. The nation needed to develop a plan for dealing with the debt created by waging the Revolution against Great Britain. Alexander Hamilton (12) was the first Secretary of the Treasury. He formed an effective plan for dealing with the issue. Created a National Bank (Bank of the United States) (13) Assumed the debts of the States (Federal Government took them on) Placed an excise tax (14) (tax on a specific product) on Whiskey and established the Protective Tariff to generate Federal Revenue. Stabilized national currency. Hamilton justified the creation of the National Bank by using the Necessary and Proper Clause (50), which was opposed vigorously by Thomas Jefferson.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. The British attempted to flood the American market with cheap foreign goods after the Revolution to prevent the U.S. from developing industrially. The new government had to find a way to protect its infant industrial complex. Hamilton pushed Congress to levy a Protective Tariff (16) (tax on imports) on all imported goods to encourage Americans to purchase American-made goods.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. Issues stemming from the Tariff showed the growing division between North and South in the United States. The North (22) was becoming an industrial, urban society that featured shipping, transportation systems, food production and industry amongst the diversity of its economy. The South (23) was becoming an agrarian, rural society that featured plantation agriculture, slavery, and small family (subsistence) farms.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. The quote Cotton is King (24) describes the South s focus on the production of Cotton. After the invention of the Cotton Gin (25) the demand for slavery increased dramatically and nearly all of Southern politics revolved around the expansion of cotton and slavery to the west.
A Divided Nation:
Eli Whitney s invention leads to the Cotton Kingdom
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. After John Adams first term in office Congress passed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts (17) stating that criticism of the President was illegal and increasing the time it took to become a naturalized citizen. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison pushed their home states to pass the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (19) threatening to nullification (18) of the Alien and Sedition Acts within their states. Nullification is a policy by which States declare an act of the Federal government unjust and refuse to enforce it within their borders. The Alien and Sedition Acts became a very divisive force in early American politics, increasing tensions between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans The Term Alien references the increased period between immigration and naturalization, the term Sedition references opposition to or criticism of the government.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. Thomas Jefferson was presented with an opportunity to purchase Louisiana from France, which was an incredible deal. The Louisiana Purchase (20) put Jefferson in a difficult position. It forced Jefferson to challenge his own beliefs on the strict interpretation of the Constitution. He authorized the purchase anyway. It doubled the size of the nation It gave the U.S. sole control of the Mississippi River and the vital port city of New Orleans. Lewis and Clarke (21) showed the region to be rich in resources and suitable for American expansion.
Louisiana Purchase doubles the size of the Nation.
Louisiana Purchase gives the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans
Lewis and Clark explore the Louisiana Territory.
Unit 4.1: Identify the major domestic issues and conflicts experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period. Without the invention of the Cotton Gin it is possible that slavery in the South would have been gradually phased out due to lack of profitability. The Northern states were already passing emancipation laws, maybe the South would have followed suit if not for the dramatic increase in the profitability of cotton.
Unit 4.1 Five Word Review Federalist Democratic- Republicans John Marshall Marbury v. Madison Judicial Review Take the five vocabulary words and use them in 3 sentences ( not 2 or 4 or 5), 3 sentences. Make sure that you highlight/underline/circle the terms when you use them for the first time. You may use a term more than once, but you have to use each term at least once somewhere in your 3 sentences
Unit 4.1 Geography/Chart Analysis Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.1 Cartoon/Image Analysis Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.1 Document Analysis The Federalist and Anti-Federalist Arguments During the ratification debates, Federalists argued that the Necessary and Proper Clause merely specified that Congress had the power to make any laws it deemed necessary in enforcing its other Constitutional powers. It wouldn't give Congress any extraordinary powers, nor would it allow Congress to infringe on state powers. It merely served to clarify that Congress could act on its powers, in case states attempted to take power away from the federal government by saying it had no enforcement power over it's Constitutional rights. Alexander Hamilton made this argument in The Federalist 33, which James Madison agreed with in The Federalist 44. Main Idea: Key Phrases: Inference Anti-Federalists, however, saw the clause instead as an attempt by the federal government to seize limitless power. The clause opened up the Constitution, with it's mostly specific set of Congressional powers, to a broad interpretation where essentially any law passed by Congress would be constitutional because it would be "necessary and proper." No matter how absurd, outrageous, or tyrannical a law may be, Congress could pass it constitutionally simply by arguing that it was necessary and proper. The clause was thus too open-ended to be in the Constitution according to Anti-Federalists, and thus threatened the sustainability of republicanism in the United States.
The concept of was by unconstitutional unconstitutional constitutional in the of v. which the of the.
Answer The concept of Judicial Review was created by John Marshall in the case of Marbury v. Madison, which dramatically increased the power of the Federal Government. Key Concepts Judicial Review John Marshall Marbury v. Madison Characteristics of the Federalists Other Supreme Court decisions that expanded the power of the Federal Government Gibbons v. Ogden Fletcher v. Peck McCulloch v. Maryland
The first of the was who developed to an. The were assuming the of the, creating an excise tax on, a tariff, a national, and standardized and
Answer The First Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton who developed five steps for an effective treasury. The five steps were assuming the debts of the states, an excise tax on whiskey, a protective tariff, a national bank, and standardized weights and measures. Key Concepts: Problems faced by the new republic Alexander Hamilton Hamilton s economic plan
Finish your Daily Activities 1. What would they say Review 1. Figure out what each of these people have in common 2. Put yourself in their shoes and try to think about what they would have thought about that event 3. Write a quick statement expressing what you think they would have said or thought. 2. Crossword Puzzle 3. Photosynthesis Review
Unit 4.2: Analyze the political freedoms available to the following groups prior to 1820: women, wage earners, landless farmers, American Indians, African Americans, and other ethnic groups. These groups experience very few freedoms as most of the political power in the U.S. was in the hands of the landowning, wealthy elite. Not until 1820 did voting rights get extended to white males twenty-one or older who did not own property (26).
Unit 4.2: Analyze the political freedoms available to the following groups prior to 1820: women, wage earners, landless farmers, American Indians, African Americans, and other ethnic groups. Women held very few rights in American society. The plight of women in American society was often written about by Abigail Adams (27), wife of President John Adams, in letters to her husband. One of the few rights women did possess was the right to inherit land; they could not serve on juries, vote, or hold political office.
Unit 4.2: Analyze the political freedoms available to the following groups prior to 1820: women, wage earners, landless farmers, American Indians, African Americans, and other ethnic groups. This did not mean that women were not politically active. Many women belonged to various clubs and church groups that helped begin such important political movements as the Abolition Movement and the Temperance (ban on alcohol) Movement.
Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States.
Unit 4.2: Analyze the political freedoms available to the following groups prior to 1820: women, wage earners, landless farmers, American Indians, African Americans, and other ethnic groups. Several Native American Tribes signed away their land and opened the Ohio Territory to white settlement in the Treaty of Greenville (28). Some Native American leaders fought back to try and retake their land. Tecumseh (29) led a Native American Confederation that fought brutal wars with the United States. It was later shown that the British were providing money and rifles to Tecumseh in his armed resistance against the U.S.
Tecumseh, led Native American resistance in the Ohio Territory.
Unit 4.1 Five Word Review (continued) National Bank Necessary and Proper Clause Louisiana Purchase Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Take the five vocabulary words and use them in 3 sentences ( not 2 or 4 or 5), 3 sentences. Make sure that you highlight/underline/circle the terms when you use them for the first time. You may use a term more than once, but you have to use each term at least once somewhere in your 3 sentences
Unit 4.1 Geography/Chart Analysis (Continued) Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.1 Cartoon/Image Analysis (Continued) Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.1 Document Analysis (Continued) Federalists tried to block the purchase by claiming the land belonged to Spain and not France. However, the were not able to come up with any records proving this. The House of Representatives voted to deny the purchase, but the vote failed by a small majority, with 59 in favor and 57 against. Another concern about the Louisiana Purchase was that the power of the Atlantic states would be diminished by new people moving to the western territories opened up by the purchase. The concern was that this would cause westerners to clash with easterners in the original 13 colonies, particularly the people of New England. There was even some concern that the number of states allowing slavery would increase with the additional land acquisition, thus increasing the already existing tensions between northern and southern states over the slavery issue. The controversy didn t end there. People were already living in the Louisiana territory, most of them French, Spanish, or free Africans. Congress debated whether giving these people citizenship in the United States would be proper after the purchase, as the treaty with Napoleon that granted the land required. Eventually, Jefferson s closest advisors settled the issue of the constitutionality of the purchase. They pointed out that the Constitution gave the president the exclusive right to enter into treaties with foreign governments and leaders. Since the Louisiana Purchase was part of a treaty with Napoleon that Jefferson was entering into, it could not be unconstitutional. The small majority of others in Congress who saw it this way as well were enough to ensure that the purchase went through. Because of it, the westward expansion of the United States began in earnest, and we started building the nation we know today. Main Idea: Key Phrases: Inference
The and Acts were a of Amendment. The the of the Party by the it would take to become a and by You are really bad mate, worst I ve ever seen of President.
Answer The Alien and Sedition Acts were a violation of First Amendment rights. The Federalists attacked the voting base of the Democratic-Republican Party by increasing the time it took to become a naturalized citizen and by silencing criticism of President John Adams. Key Concepts: The Alien and Sedition Acts Conflict with France Abusing one national crisis to forward the aims of a political party Abuses of Constitutional Rights Need for a Bill of Rights
and the in opposition to the Acts. With the, and the by the the only Problem + Answer =? was the or.
Answer Thomas Jefferson and James Madison proposed the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts. With the Executive, Legislative, and the Judiciary branches controlled by the Federalist Party the only solution left was the people or nullification. Key Concepts: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Federal Authority vs. States Rights Nullification Jefferson and Madison
Complete the rest of your daily activities 1. What would they say Review 2. Crossword Review 3. Photosynthesis Review
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. The new government had to sign treaties establishing relations and settling territorial disputes with other nations. Pinckney s Treaty (30) with Spain gave the U.S. access to the port of New Orleans and use of the Mississippi River. This was a commercial treaty as it developed economic improvement and featured not acquisition of territory Jay s Treaty (31) angered Americans by granting Great Britain most favored nation status in trade relations. Many Americans were vehemently opposed to this favoring relations with the French who had aided us during the Revolution Washington had two goals in getting this treaty signed: Get the British off of American soil Avoid war with Britain, which he said we would not be ready for for another 20 years. The Adams-Onis Treaty (32), another treaty signed with Spain, ceded Florida to the United States.
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. France and Great Britain were both trying to draw the U.S. into their war and Washington did not think it was in the new nation s best interest to become involved in foreign wars. His response was a policy of neutrality (33) He would refuse to take sides or to sign any permanent alliances.
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. The French tried to undermine American neutrality by sending agents to rally support amongst the members of the Democratic- Republican Party, which had been openly supportive of France. The Democratic-Republicans support for France stemmed from the American Revolution. The most famous French agent sent to the U.S. was Edmund Genet (34) a.k.a. Citizen Genet
Edmund Genet: illegal immigrant that worked to undermine American Neutrality.
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. In George Washington s Farewell Address, delivered as he is leaving office, he warns the United States against becoming involved in Permanent Alliances (35) and forming Political Parties.
George Washington, First President of the United States
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. The new nation experienced issues related to disrespect from other nations. The XYZ Affair (36) is possibly the best example of this. The French were seizing American ships on the Atlantic. When the U.S. sent a delegation to meet with the French, the French demanded a bribe before meeting with them. The U.S. cut off diplomatic relations with the French and waged an unofficial naval war (The Quazi War) with the French in the Caribbean Sea.
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. The British were seizing American shipping and kidnapping the crews of American merchant ships to force them into service in the British Navy, an act known as impressment (37). Thomas Jefferson enforced the Embargo Act of 1807, but that hurt the American shipping industry far more than it ever hurt the British. The Embargo Act (38) was meant to keep American sailors off the Atlantic and take away the opportunity for impressment to occur. The issue ultimately resulted in the War of 1812.
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. Causes for the War of 1812 Freedom of the Seas Rights of Neutrals Impressment The Chesapeake Incident (39) The Battle of Tippecanoe (40) Desires for Territorial Expansion Pressure from U.S. Congressmen known as the War Hawks (41)
Henry Clay, Kentucky Representative, leader of the War Hawks: On to Canada We must go to war! Great Britain has attacked our settlements in the West by providing Indians with money and weapons.
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. Major events from the War of 1812 Hartford Convention (42) Anti-war movement Northern States tried to meet with the British and sign a treaty that would end their part in the war. War ended before the Treaty could be signed Example of sectionalism Battle of New Orleans (43) Only major U.S. victory from the War of 1812 Took place after the war was, technically, ended by an armistice. Resulted in intense patriotic and nationalist feelings amongst most Americans. Led to the Era of Good Feelings.
Battle of New Orleans, inspires American patriotism
General Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero, later propels him to the Presidency
Unit 4.3: Assess commercial and diplomatic relationships with Britain, France, and other nations. Results of the War of 1812 Cemented American independence Treaty of Ghent (44) officially ended the war Numerous treaties with the British would be required to settle border issues with Canada and to demilitarize the Canadian border. Conflict with the British would resurface later over the Oregon Territory. Events like the Hartford Convention caused the rapid decline of the Federalist Party (45), it would not survive the election of 1816.
Unit 4.2 Five Word Review Democratization Non-Property Owners Abigail Adams Treaty of Greenville Tecumseh Take the five vocabulary words and use them in 3 sentences ( not 2 or 4 or 5), 3 sentences. Make sure that you highlight/underline/circle the terms when you use them for the first time. You may use a term more than once, but you have to use each term at least once somewhere in your 3 sentences
Unit 4.2 Geography/Chart Analysis Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.2 Cartoon Analysis Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.2 Document Analysis John Adams response to Abigail Adams s petition to remember the ladies But your Letter was the first Intimation that another Tribe more numerous and powerfull than all the rest were grown discontented. -- This is rather too coarse a Compliment but you are so saucy, I wont blot it out. Main Idea: Key Phrases: Inference Depend upon it, We know better than to repeal our Masculine systems. Altho they are in full Force, you know they are little more than Theory. We dare not exert our Power in its full Latitude. We are obliged to go fair, and softly, and in Practice you know We are the subjects. We have only the Name of Masters, and rather than give up this, which would compleatly subject Us to the Despotism of the Peticoat,
the from for the size of and acquiring?????????? of the and the of. used, which he during the debate over the national AKA, contradicting his own views about a interpretation of the.
Answer Thomas Jefferson approved the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 Million doubling the size of the nation and acquiring control of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans. Jefferson used the Necessary and Proper Clause, which he had criticized during the debate over the national bank, contradicting his own views about a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Key concepts: Louisiana Purchase Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause/Implied Powers) National Bank Strict vs. Loose Interpretation
The of angered such as who against and some Americans believed they were assisted by the. Other included Treaty which got the to leave the, the Adam-Onis Which resulted in being acquired by the U.S., and Treaty, which gave the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and Port of New Orleans
The Answer The Treaty of Greenville angered Native Americans such as Tecumseh who led resistance against white expansion and some believed they were assisted by the British. Other important treaties included Jay s Treaty which got the British to leave the Old Northwest, The Adams-Onis Treaty which resulted in Florida being added to the United States, and Pinckney s Treaty which gave the United States access to the Mississippi River and Port of New Orleans. Key Concepts United States/Native American relations Tecumseh Long-term causes for the War of 1812 Early treaties Westward Expansion
Unit 4.3 Five Word Review Pinckney s Treaty Jay s Treaty Adams-Onis Treaty Neutrality XYZ Affiar Take the five vocabulary words and use them in 3 sentences ( not 2 or 4 or 5), 3 sentences. Make sure that you highlight/underline/circle the terms when you use them for the first time. You may use a term more than once, but you have to use each term at least once somewhere in your 3 sentences
Unit 4.3 Geography/Chart Analysis Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.3 Cartoon/Image Analysis Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.3 Document Analysis The Jay Treaty was enormously unpopular, particularly with Republicans. But from President Washington s perspective, achieving peace and better commercial ties with an old nemesis was worth the risk of political disapproval. Damn John Jay! Damn everyone who won t damn John Jay!! Damn everyone that won t put lights in his windows and sit up all night damning John Jay!!! Main Idea: Key Phrases: Inference John Jay said he could find his way across the country by the light of his burning effigies. The Senate approved the Jay Treaty in 1795, hoping to forestall war with Great Britain while America grew in power. But the treaty proved immediately unpopular with the Republicans so much so that chief negotiator John Jay s likeness was hanged in effigy by angry mobs all across America.
of the, the of, the of, the incident, the desire to acquire, and the Battle of were all causes for the War of????
The Answer Freedom of the Sea, protecting the rights of neutrals, protesting the impressment of Americans, the Chesapeake Incident, the War Hawks desire to acquire Canada, and the Battle of Tippecanoe were all causes for the War of 1812. Key Concepts: War of 1812 (causes) Impressment, Freedom of the Seas, Rights of Neutrals Desire for Territorial Expansion Native American relations
Unit 4.3 Five Word Review (Continued) Impressment Chesapeake Incident War Hawks Hartford Convention Battle of New Orleans Take the five vocabulary words and use them in 3 sentences ( not 2 or 4 or 5), 3 sentences. Make sure that you highlight/underline/circle the terms when you use them for the first time. You may use a term more than once, but you have to use each term at least once somewhere in your 3 sentences
Unit 4.3 Geography/Chart Analysis (continued) Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.3 Cartoon/Image Analysis (continued) Main Idea: Key Imagery/Phrases: Inference:
Unit 4.3 Document Analysis (continued) About the Hartford Convention The more extreme delegates raised the possibility of secession, but others sought only to dictate amendments to the Constitution that would protect their interests. Ultimately, the convention adopted a strong states rights position and expressed its grievances in a series of resolutions against military conscription and commercial regulations (along with some stringent criticisms of Madison s administration) that were agreed to on January 4, 1815. Even as the convention finished its business, however, a British sloop of war was beating its way across the Atlantic with dispatches containing the peace terms that had been agreed to in the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war. Moreover, as the convention s emissaries approached Washington, D.C., they were met by the news of Gen. Andrew Jackson s unexpected victory in the Battle of New Orleans. By the time the emissaries arrived, it was no longer possible to serve the kind of ultimatum contained in the convention s report. The war, along with the national crisis it had brought about, had ended. The secrecy of the Hartford proceedings also contributed to discrediting the convention, and its unpopularity was a factor in the demise of the Federalist Party. Main Idea: Key Phrases: Inference
Th e of and the were the? most important events from the???. The made a national and led to his becoming. to of the as they were seen as In a period of intense
The Answer The Battle of New Orleans and the Hartford Convention were the two most important events from the War of 1812. The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a national hero and led to his becoming President. The Hartford Convention led to the end of the Federalist Party as they were seen as unpatriotic in a period of intense patriotism. Key Concepts: Battle of New Orleans Hartford Convention Andrew Jackson Era of Good Feelings War of 1812 (important events)
Th e of was an armistice that led to of????. This resulted in securing from American territorial expansion, an relationship between the and through s, and for.
The Answer The Treaty of Ghent was an armistice that ended the War of 1812. This war resulted in securing Canada from American territorial expansion, forged an economic relationship between the United States and Great Britain through future treaties, and forecasted bad times ahead of Native Americans. Key Concepts: Treaty of Ghent Armistice War of 1812 (results) Impact of the War of 1812 on Native Americans