Third Edition RESEARCHING GONSTITUTIONAL LAW ALBERT P. MELONE Southern Illinois University Carbondale WAVELAND 1 PRESS, INC. Long Grove, Illinois
CONTENTS Preface xi Primary Sources: Judicial Opinions and Statutory Law Introduction 1 Supreme Court Opinions 3 United States Reports (U. S.) 3 United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers'Edition (L. Ed.) 5 Supreme Court Reporter (S. Ct.) 5 Non-Subscription Internet Sources for Supreme Court Opinions 6 Access to Court Opinions through Subscription Services 7 LexisNexis Academic 8 Westlaw Campus 8 Briefs Filed with the U.S. Supreme Court 9 Landmark Briefi and Arguments ofthe Supreme Court ofthe United States: Constitutional Law 10 U. S. Supreme Court Records and Briefi 10 The Oyez Project: U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia Database 10 LexisNexis and Findlaw 11 Lower Federal Court Reports 11 Federal Cases (F. Cas.) 12 Federal Reporter (F.), (F. 2d), (F. 3d) 12 Federal Appendix 13 Federal Supplement (F. Supp.), (F. Supp. 2d) 14 iii
iv State Court Reporters 15 American Law Reports (A.L.R.) 16 Keeping Current on Case Law 17 U. S. Law Week (U. S.L. W.) 18 West 's Federal Case News 19 Statutory Law and Codification 19 United States Code (U. S. C.) 21 United States Code Service (U. S. C. S.) 22 United States Code Annotated(U.S.C.A.) 23 State Codes 23 Administrative Agency Reporting 23 Federal Register 24 Code offederal Regulations (C.F.R.J 24 Primary Historical Documents 25 Legal Research Exercises 28 Exercise 1 Court Reports 28 Exercise 2 Codes 29 Answers for Legal Exercises 29 Exercise 1 Court Reports 29 Exercise 2 Codes 29 Endnotes 30 2 Secondary Sources as Research Aids 31 Introduction 31 Compendia, Guides, and Summaries 32 Treatises 34 Legal Encyclopedias 36 West 's Bncyclopedia of American Law 37 Encyclopedia ofthe American Judicial System 37 bncyclopedia ofthe American Constitution 37 Encyclopedia ofthe Supreme Court 38 Encyclopedia ofthe U.S. Supreme Court 38 Encyclopedia of Supreme Court Quotations 38 American Jurisprudence 2d (Am. Jur. 2d) 38 Corpus Juris Secundum (C. J. S.) 40 Digests 41 American Digest System 42 West's Key Number System* 42 Specialized Digests 43 Federal Practice Digest 43 U. S. Supreme Court Digest 43 Westlaw Campus and the Natural-Language Approach 44 U. S. Supreme Court Reports Digest: Lawyers' Edition 44 Other Electronic Subject Search Techniques 45
v Cite-Checking (Citators) 46 Shepard's United States Citations: Cases 47 Shepard's Federal Statute Citations 50 Electronic Citators 50 Periodical Literature and Indexes 51 Index to Legal Periodicals 52 Current Law Index 54 Legal Trac 54 Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals 5 5 Accessing Legal Periodicals in Electronic Format 55 PAIS International in Print 5 5 Social Sciences Index 56 U.S. Government Periodicals Index 56 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature 56 Newspapers as Secondary Sources 57 Electronic Book Review 58 Legal Mobilization Sites 58 Law Dictionaries 59 Legal Research Exercises 60 Exercise 1 Legal Encyclopedias 60 Exercise 2 Digests 61 Exercise 3 Citators 61 Exercise 4 Legal Periodicals 62 Answers for Legal Exercises 62 Exercise 1 Legal Encyclopedias 62 Exercise 2 Digests 62 Exercise 3 Citators 63 Exercise 4 Legal Periodicals 63 Endnotes 63 3 Why and How to Brief a Case 65 Introduction 65 Elements of a Brief 67 I. Name or Title of Case 68 II. Legal Citation 68 III. Statement offacts 68 IV. Statement of Issues 70 V. Decision and Action 71 VI. Reasoning ofthe Court 71 VII. Concurring Opinion(s) 72 VIII. Dissenting Opinion(s) 72 IX. Voting Coalition 72 X. Summary of Legal Principle(s) 72 XI. Free Space 72 Model Brief 73
vi 4 Quantitative Applications 77 Introduction 77 Labeling and Counting Judicial Votes 78 Scaling Cases 80 Preliminary Stage 80 Constructing a Scale 82 Missing Values Problem 86 Bloc Analysis 88 Constructing Blocs 89 Cases and Data Analysis 92 Endnotes 92 5 Writing and Documenting Research Papers 93 Introduction 93 Choosing a Topic 94 Designing the Research Project 95 Research Design 95 The Format for a Paper 99 Special Writing Problems 100 Documentation of Sources 101 What to Cite? 101 Footnote or Endnote Format 103 Bibliography Form 104 Sample Citations 106 Footnoting or Endnoting Books 106 Footnoting or Endnoting Journal and Magazine Articles 109 Footnoting Encyclopedias, Almanacs, and Other Works 110 Documenting Legal Sources 112 Documentation for Electronic Sources 116 Later References to the Same Footnote or Endnote Source 118 Second References with Intervening Citations 119 In-Text Citation Form 120 Guide to In-Text References 120 References at the End of the Paper 122 Sample Reference Page 123 Endnotes 123
vii 6 Summaries of Leading Supreme Court Decisions 125 Introduction 125 Summaries 126 Abington Township v. Schempp 126 Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena 126 Alden v.maine 126 Baker v. Carr 127 Barenblattv. United States 127 Barron v. Baltimore 128 Boerne, City ofv. Flores 129 Bollingv. Sharpe 129 Bowers v. Hardwick 130 Boy Seouls of America v. Dale 130 Brown v. Board ofeducation oftopeka I 131 Brown v. Board ofeducation of Topeka II 131 Buckleyv. Valeo 132 Bush v.gore 133 Butchers'Benevolent Association v. Crescent City Livestock Landing and Slaughterhouse Co. (Slaughterhouse Cases) 134 Chandler v.miller 134 Civil Rights Cases 135 Clinton v. Jones 135 Clinton v. New York, City of 136 Cooley v. Board of Wardens ofthe Port of Philadelphia 136 Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health 137 Dartmouth College v. Woodward 137 Dennis v. United States 137 Dred Scott v. Sandford 138 Ex Parte McCardle 138 Ex Parte Milligan 139 Fletcher v. Peck 139 Furman v. Georgia 140 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority 140 Gibbons v. Ogden 141 Gideon v. Wainwright 141 Gitlow v. New York 142 Gratz v. Bollinger 142 Griswoldv. Connecticut 143 Grutter v. Bollinger 144 Hammer v. Dagenhart 144 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 145 Home Building and Loan Association v. Blaisdell 145 Hurtado v. California 146 Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha 146 Katzv. United States \A1 Katzenbach v. McClung 147 Korematsu v. United States 148 Lawrence v. Texas 148
viii Lemon v. Kurtzman 149 Lochner v. New York 149 Lucas v. South Carolina Costa/ Council 150 Luther v. Borden 150 McCulloch v. Maryland 151 Mappv. Ohio 151 Marbury v. Madison 152 Miller v. California 152 Milliken v. Bradley 153 Miranda v. Arizona 153 Missouri v. Holland 154 Munn v. Illinois 154 Mutray v. Curlett 155 National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 155 National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab 156 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan 156 New York Times Co. v. United States 156 Nixon v. Fitzgerald 157 Palko v. Connecticut 157 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey 158 Plessy v. Ferguson 158 Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust Co. 159 Powell v. Alabama 159 Prize Cases 160 Regents ofthe University of California v. Bakke 160 Reynolds v. Sims 161 Richmond, Cityofv. J.A. Croson Co. 162 Roev. Wade 163 Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors ofthe University of Virginia 163 Saenz v. Roe 164 Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 165 Schenckv. United States 165 School District ofabington Townshipv. Schempp, Murray v. Curlett 166 Scott v. Sanford 166 Shelley v. Kraemer 166 Slaughterhouse Cases 167 Smith v. Allwright 167 Stuart v.laird 167 7ecas v. Johnson 168 77«fer v. Ite Moines Independent Community School District 168 Trustees ofdartmouth College v. Woodward 169» i / States v. Butler 170 United States v. Curtiss- Wright Export Corp. 170 United States v. Darby 171 United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 172 United States v. Leon 172 United States v. Lopez 173 United States v. Nixon 173
ix United States v. United States District Court for Eastern District of Michigan 174 U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thomton 174 University of California v. Bakke 175 Walz v. Tax Commission ofthe City ofnew York 175 West Coast Hotel v. Parrish 175 West Virginia State Board ofeducation v. Barnette 176 Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer \11 Zelman v. Simmons-Harris \11 Appendix A: Sample Research Design 179 Appendix B: The United States Constirution 187 Glossary of Terms and Phrases 205 Bibliography 231 The Judicial System 231 Jurisprudence 235 Constitutional Law General 240 Constitutional History 241 Federalism 248 Congress 251 The Presidency 253 Civü Rights and Liberties 257 Comparative Constitutional Politics 272 Law and Society 280 Legal Profession 290 Index 295