REVIEW FOR 4 TH 6 WEEKS COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 1. What were the main foreign policy issues faced by Washington (include an evaluation of his farewell address)? Keeping the USA neutral during the war between Britain and France, dealing with the British who were stirring up trouble with the Indians and white settlers, Spain was threatening to close the port of New Orleans to USA shipping. In his farewell address Washington encouraged the nation to stay out of foreign affairs and watch out for political parties. 2. What was the Alien and Sedition Act and why did it cost Adam s his presidency? This act made it more difficult for Aliens to get citizenship and made it easy for the president to arrest people who opposed him verbally or in print, limiting peoples freedom of speech and expression. 3. Discuss causes and effects of the War of 1812. Causes of the war: British impressment of USA sailors, interference in USA shipping, and inciting Native Americans against settlers. Effects of the war: increased American patriotism, weakened Native American resistance, USA manufacturing grew. 4. Why did slave labor grow and expand in the south? When Whitney invented the cotton gin it made it much easier and faster to process cotton (increased economic productivity), this led to increased profits for the plantation owners, which led to an expansion of the plantation system, which resulted in a deeper dependence on inexpensive slave labor. 5. What was slavery like in the 1840 s in the USA? Only about 1/3 of the families in the south owned slaves, about ½ of the slaves worked on plantations, about 8% of blacks in the South were free (yet they still faced the hardships of not being able to vote, get good jobs, receive education and the constant fear of being secretly captured and sold to another state). 6. Details on key events from the presidency of Andrew Jackson in chronological order. a. The Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination) was hated by the Southerners because if forced them to pay higher prices for goods they bought. b. He implemented the spoils system when he was elected by replacing current government employees with his own people. c. Indian Removal Act of 1830 d. The Nullification Crisis was averted because Jackson was re-elected as president and South Carolina was forced to give up on their nullification plans. e. Jackson hated the national bank because he felt the bank favored the wealthy, he thought the bank had too much power, and the bank made loans to Congressman to influence their votes.
7. Discuss key causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution (and factors that determined the location of a factory). Effects of the Industrial Revolution manual labor and hand tools were replaced with machines, factories brought workers together under one roof, large numbers of people moved to areas where factories and textile mills were located. Most factories had to be located near a plentiful workforce, fast flowing streams and rivers (because they used hydraulic power), and a location that has easy access to shipping. 8. Key Dates: a. Louisiana Purchase - 1803 b. List the first 6 presidents and the years they served: George Washington, 1789-1797; John Adams, 1797-1801; Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809; James Madison, 1809-1817; James Monroe, 1817-1825; John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829; Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837 c. Telegraph - 1837 d. Steel Plow - 1836 e. Cotton Gin - 1793 f. Mechanical Reaper - 1834 g. Steamboat - 1807 9. Define or discuss: a. Lewis and Clark Jefferson sent these two to make an accurate description of plants and animals in the West, find an all water route to the Pacific Ocean, and establish friendly relations with the Native American tribes. b. Marbury V Madison a landmark case the established judicial review. It was initiated because Madison refused to give Marbury his commission (Marbury was one of the midnight judges appointed by Adams). c. Embargo Act of 1807 Jefferson s attempt to respond to the impressment of USA citizens on ships going to Europe. It was a horrible failure since it hurt American businesses more than the Europeans. d. Oliver Perry Admiral during the War of 1812 who fought on the Great Lakes. He famously said, Don t give up the ship! e. William Henry Harrison - Hero of the War of 1812 who was elected President. He died shortly after taking office of an illness and Tyler became President. f. Andrew Jackson 7 th President of the United States, Old Hickory, very authoritarian, the common man, he hated the national banking system
g. The Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Keys during the battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. h. The Battle of New Orleans Battle of the War of 1812 that happened after the treaty that ended the war was already signed. It made Andrew Jackson a national hero because he involved all kinds of people in the battle (including pirates). After the war National Pride was high. i. Subsistence farming farming in which you raise barely enough for your own family j. Industrialization the process where a country or region moves from an agricultural based society to a manufacturing/factory based society. These factors contribute to industrialization: machine production, large facilities, effective management and hiring many workers. Most factories during this time were located in the Northeast. k. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts l. Robert Fulton invented the steamboat (which increased economic productivity in the USA) m. John Deere invented the steel plow n. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph o. Cyrus McCormack invented the mechanical reaper p. Interchangeable parts parts that are exactly alike that are easily replaced in machinery. These made the manufacture of finished goods faster and cheaper. q. Spirituals religious folk songs that slaves sang. They often contained coded messages about planned escape or an owner s unexpected return. These later influenced blues, jazz, and other forms of American music. r. Nat Turner led a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831. He and his followers were all killed. This rebellion made things worse for slaves. s. The American System Established a protective tariff, established a national bank, and focused on improving the country s transportation systems. The system also involved the sale of public lands for income to the government.
t. Monroe Doctrine the policy of the USA that placed the western hemisphere off limits to European colonizing countries (stay out of this area or else). u. Missouri Compromise Henry Clay (the great compromiser) came up with this plan that allowed Missouri to come in to the Union as a slave state, Maine to be created out of Massachusetts and the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory (unorganized territory) was reserved as non-slave territory (no slave states could be formed there). It maintained the balance of power between free and slave states. v. Panic of 1837 Jackson broke up the national bank and this panic was caused as people began to borrow large sums of money from banks to speculate. This panic turned into a depression which was blamed on Van Buren and cost him a second term. w. Sequoya Cherokee leader who created the Cherokee alphabet x. Indian Removal Act Congress passed this act with Jackson s strong endorsement which gave permission for states and the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeastern part of the USA. In Worcester V Georgia the Supreme Court ruled this unconstitutional and Jackson basically said, they Supreme Court has made a ruling, now let s see them try and enforce it! y. Trail of Tears (1838) Cherokee were forced to move west even though they had accepted white customs and ways. The Supreme Court had ruled that the government could not do this yet Jackson did it anyway. Many Cherokee died on the trail to the west and some considered this to be government sanctioned murder. The Cherokee were paid $5,000,000 in compensation. z. Gibbons V Ogden supreme court decision gave the federal government the power to regulate commerce. Federal laws are superior to state laws when it comes to interstate commerce. aa. Tariff of Abominations the Protective Tariff of 1828 that was passed to protect the nation s new industries from foreign competition. Money from the tariff was used for transportation improvements mostly in the North. The tariff hurt Southerners worse than Northerners.
bb. Nullification the ability of a state to cancel (or overlook or override or not enforce) a law passed by the federal (or central) government. It was based in the Kentucky Resolution developed by Jefferson. cc. John C. Calhoun Vice President and South Carolina political leader. He proposed the Doctrine of Nullification. dd. Henry Clay the great Compromiser, statesman, presidential candidate ee. Whig Party Formed by Clay, Webster, and other Jackson opponents who were against Martin Van Buren serving a second term. ff. William Henry Harrison Hero of the War of 1812 who was elected President. He died shortly after taking office of an illness and Tyler became President. First Whig party candidate. gg. Shay s Rebellion an uprising of over taxed and debt ridden Massachusetts farmers in 1787. hh. Whiskey Rebellion Rebellion during Washington s presidency where farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled because of taxes on whiskey. ii. Democratic Republicans the political party that wanted to insure that the national government did not have too much power. They took a strict view of the constitution. Founded by Jefferson and Madison. jj. Judicial Review the right of the Supreme Court to review every piece of legislature by the USA and any state to make sure it abides by the constitution. If not, then they can declare it unconstitutional which nullifies the law. kk. States Rights A key issue in the USA because federalism and the constitution give power to the states as well as the federal government.
ll. Sectionalism When you have a higher opinion and commitment to your state or section of the country rather than the USA. mm. Federalism the view that power should be broken up into a central (federal) government and state (or local) governments. nn. Jacksonian Democracy the idea of spreading political power to all the people and ensuring majority rule oo. Nullification Crisis Because of the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abomination), South Carolina threatened to nullify the law and not enforce it (to assert the right they felt states had to overrule federal laws they did not agree with). South Carolina threatened to secede and the crisis was avoided through a compromise tariff proposed by Henry Clay in 1833. pp. Tariff of 1828 passed in the last months of John Quincy Adam s presidency. Significantly raised the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods. This benefited the northern manufactures and hurt the southern cotton growing economy. qq. Martin Van Buren Vice President for Jackson in his second term and then became President rr. Robert Hayne Senator from South Carolina who debated Daniel Webster and defended nullification. ss. McCulloch V Maryland The Supreme Court upheld federal authority by ruling that a state could not tax a national bank.