European Integration and the Problem of the State

European Integration and the Problem of the State

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European Integration and the Problem of the State A Critique of the Bordering of Europe Stefan Borg Research Fellow, Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Sweden

Stefan Borg 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-40932-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan areregisteredtrademarks in theunitedstates, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-48861-2 ISBN 978-1-137-40933-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137409331 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Borg, Stefan. European integration and the continuing relevance of the state: the desire for Europe / Stefan Borg, research fellow, Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Sweden. pages cm 1. Europe Economic integration. 2. Nation-state. 3. State, The. I. Title. HC241.B584 2015 341.242 2 dc23 2014050091

Contents List of Map Acknowledgments vi vii Introduction 1 1 The Question of a European Union Beyond the State 20 2 On the Limited Imagination of Neofunctionalism 43 3 Political Theory Meets European Integration Studies 62 4 In Search of a Foundation for Europe 80 5 Solana s Struggle 96 6 Euro-Crafting at Border Zones 117 Conclusion 138 Notes 147 Index 179 v

Map 6.1 Greco-Turkish border region 126 vi

Acknowledgments The research for this book started at the School of Politics and Global Studies, Arizona State University (ASU) in Tempe, and then turned into the work that you are now holding in your hands at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs (SIIA) in Stockholm. In writing this work, I have incurred a large number of debts. First of all, I would like to extend my warmest thanks to Professor Roxanne L. Doty, for her continuous interest in my project, for her many invaluable suggestions, and for her steadfast support. My debt to Professor Richard K. Ashley is likewise profound. Innumerable conversations with him have had a lasting impact on my thinking about global politics in its widest sense. Professor George M. Thomas s insightful suggestions have also substantially improved this book. I would also like to thank three additional faculty members of ASU s School of Politics and Global Studies: professors Jack Crittenden, Avital Simhony, and Robert Youngblood. At SIIA, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all my colleagues and for the support of Professor Johan Eriksson, SIIA s Head of Research. In addition, I would like to thank the other members of the Stockholm International Theory Group for encouragement and intellectual stimulation, namely Caroline Holmqvist-Jonsäter, Tom Lundborg, and Dan Öberg. My intellectual debt to Leonardo Figueroa-Helland is immense. His influence is felt on virtually every page of this book, and my friendship with him has been a constant source of inspiration. My friendship and many conversations with Jessica Auchter have likewise shaped my thinking about global politics over many years. Stimulating and always enjoyable conversations with Brian Blanchard have also had an important impact on the ideas put forward in this book, as well as making my time writing it much more pleasant. So have conversations with other fellow graduate students in the School of Politics and Global Studies; in particular Peter Hickman, Soul Park, William Wolfgram, Timothy Ruback, and Mustafa Halit-Tagma. Heartfelt thanks also to the entire Nolan family! vii

viii Acknowledgments In Sweden, I would like to thank the following: Peter Alstergren, Jan Joel Andersson, Johan Berggren, Niklas Bremberg, Karin Borg, Bertil Dunér, Mikael Eriksson, Åsa Fritzon, Linus Hagström, Jonatan Henriksson, Gabriella Körling, Kristin Ljungkvist, Ludvig Norman, David Olsson, Mark Rhinard, Gunilla Reischl, Niklas Rossbach, Annika and Mattias Sandström, Monica Svantesson, Anna Ullsten, and Jacob Westberg. Thanks to Lena Karlsson at SIIA for help with the map of the Greco-Turkish border. Beyond ASU and my Swedish milieu, I d like to thank the following academics for comments and conversations: Thomas Diez, Renee Marlin-Bennett, Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, Joachim Koops, David McCourt, Jennifer Mitzen, Rosemary Shinko, and Amy Skonieczny. For help to conduct interviews in Greece, I am indebted to Abdulrashid, Elias Ali Hassan, Matjaz Jancic, and Leszek Szymanski. No one apart from the author, however, should be held responsible for the content of the book. Parts of the book have been previously published elsewhere, and I thank the publishers for their permission to reproduce that material here. Sections from chapters 1, 4, and 5 have appeared in European Integration and the Problem of the State: Universality, Particularity, and Exemplarity in the Crafting of the European Union in Journal of International Relations and Development, 17(3), 339 66 (2014). A version of Chapter 6, also drawing on sections from Chapter 1, appeared as Euro-Crafting at Border Zones: The Case of the Greco-Turkish Border and the Question of a European Union Beyond the State in Geopolitics, 19(3), 565 86 (2014). See www.tandfonline.com. This book is dedicated to the memory of my grandmother, Elsa, my parents, Barbro and Per-Olof, and my wife, Erin. For your unwavering love, support, and care, thank you!