Comments on: The Evolution of Inequality in Wages and Productivity: International Panel Data Evidence (by Giulia Faggio, Kjell Salvanes and John Van Reenen) Justin Wolfers Wharton School, U.Penn CEPR, IZA & NBER Princeton, New Directions Conference April 8, 2006 1
Contributions Incredibly ambitious data collection project Firm level accounting data Across countries: UK (today), France, Norway, US Permitting inferences about dispersion in micro-level productivity Linking three important literatures Technological change and diffusion Dynamics of firm growth, entry and exit Wage inequality Findings: The rise in wage inequality reflects Rise in measured between-firm wage inequality Driven by rise in measured between-firm productivity dispersion Little role for within-firm inequality Suggesting a role for technology? 2
Decomposing Wage Inequality firm worker To decompose wage inequality into 2 Variance of wages = ˆ ˆ fi f f within-firm versus between-firm (w -w )+(w -w) inequality, we need: f i Matched worker-firm firm data; worker or firm worker = w -wˆ + wˆ -w 2 2 ( ) ( ) i,f f f A clever approach f i f i We observe this in Individual-level wage data Infer: Inequality within firms is not rising. NOT: CEO pay, deunionization, minimum wages, changing norms 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Fig.1: Wage dispersion in private services NES data 1984-99 1984 1989 1994 1999 year 10th percentile (indexed) 90th percentile (indexed) Log yearly wage: 16-64 men 50th percentile (indexed) Fig.3: Wage dispersion in private services FAME data 1984-2002 1984 1989 1994 1999 2002 year 10th percentile (indexed) 90th percentile (indexed) Log average firm wage 50th percentile (indexed) We observe this in Firm-level data (Variance of average firm wages) 3
Rising Between-Firm Wage Inequality Why is there a measured increase in the dispersion across firms in average wages per worker? Van Reenen: Differential adoption of a new technology across firms Implies dispersion in true productivity and wages between firms rises Dispersion in measured productivity and wages per worker rises My alternative: Differential adoption of part-time work across firms Implies dispersion in true productivity and wages unchanged Dispersion in measured wages and productivity per worker rises Are we witnessing rising dispersion in average wages across firms Van Reenen: infer rising overall inequality reflects between-firm inequality OR: average hours across firms Infer that rising overall inequality reflects within-firm inequality Existing data cannot resolve this 4
Rising Reorganization of Firm Activities Before Very little betweenfirm dispersion in wages and productivity After Substantial betweenfirm dispersion in wages and productivity Data cannot tell us whether we are witnessing rising dispersion in average wages across firms Van Reenen: infer rising overall inequality reflects between-firm inequality OR: increasing specialization of the same economic activity across firms Infer that rising overall inequality reflects within-activity inequality 5
Conclusion Important (and uncontested) fact: Wage inequality has risen in the UK New facts: Dispersion in measured wage between firms has risen Dispersion in measured productivity between firms has risen [Measurements are per worker, across firms] Van Reenen s inference: Inequality within firms roughly unchanged Suggesting an important role for a technological revolution But the rising dispersion in measured wages and productivity between firms may reflect other factors (reorganization of work) And hence inequality within firms may still have risen» Consistent with firm-level case studies, rising CEO pay, declining influence of minimum wages and unions on within-firm wage structure 0.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8 Decomposition of wage dispersion UK manufacturing and private services 1984 1989 1994 1999 year to tal varia nce w ithin firm com pon ent NES and FAME Datasets 1984-1999. betwee n com pone nt 6