E e-apec Strategy, 64

Index A ABAC Management of APEC IAP Review Process, 78 ADB Institute, 60 see also under Asian Development Bank (ADB) administrative procedures, 13 Advanced Tariff Initiative (ATI), 45 Agriculture and Non-Agriculture Market Access, 89 annual surveys, 29 APEC Action Plan on SARS, 59 APEC Business Advisory Council (ABAC), 12, 51, 73, 91, 97 support for APEC trading bloc, 10 proposal for FTAAP, 93 proposal to establish, 102 APEC Business Advisory Forum, 100 APEC Business Travel Card, 52, 59, 91 APEC Business Travel Handbook, 91 APEC Code of Practice, settlement of disputess relating to trade policy, 77 APEC Digital Opportunity Centers, 52 APEC Dispute Mediation System, 91 APEC Economic Leaders, 58 Declaration of Common Resolve, 69 APEC Economic Leaders Meeting Peru, 96 Subic, 56 Sydney, 82 APEC Financiers Group, 60 APEC Informal Leaders meeting, 49 APEC Investment Facilitation Action Plan, 59 APEC Non-Binding Investment Principles, 101 APEC Policy Support Unit, 58 APEC Secretariat, 51 APEC Senior Official Meetings (SOM), 58, 72 APEC Study Centers, 51 APEC Travel Card Scheme, 49 ASEAN+1, 62 ASEAN+3, 22, 50 regional financial cooperation, 23 ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (1990), 45 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 37 Asia Pacific economic and political ambitions, 20 regular meeting of leaders, 24 Asia Pacific Community, 25 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) activities, 86 agenda for (2010), 93 agreement for open trade in electronics, 23 bureucratic momentum, 34-35 Chairman, 71 challenges, 35-36, 36 composition of membership, 57 113

Concerted Unilalteral Liberalization (CUL), 67 conversion into a binding process, 9 diversity, 51 economic agenda re-focus, 17 Economic Leader Meeting Bogor, 28 Blake Island, 16 Osaka, 40 establishment, 17 geopolitical dynamics, 51 Group of Eminent Persons (EPG), 100 senior officials meeting (SOM) first, 6 foundations, 1-3 geopolitical dynamics, 41 laissez-faire enforcement mechanism, 20 leaders engagement with business leadership directly, 102 establishment of PBF, 98 setting of long-term targets, 2 Leaders Meeting, 37 Shanghai, 66 measure of success, 31 members, diversity, 64 membership, 7 Ministers Responsible for Trade, 73 modality, 41, 92 Model Measures, 91 momentum, 43 during 1970s and 1980s, 18 participants, 41, 44 portfolio, 43 partnership with other stakeholders, 43 promotion of trade liberalisation, 21 S&C Framework Declaration, 89 secretariat, Director (Research), 35, 47 test of relevance, 31 widening of, 32-33 Asia Pacific economies interdependence, 2 Asia Pacific region factors for successful cooperation, 4 Asia-Pacific development of regional cooperation, 38 multilateral architecture, 33 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 11 Institute, 60 Asian economic crisis, 46 APEC s failure to respond adequately, 35 Asian financial crisis, 61 Asian Monetary Fund, 22 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 62 Economic Community agenda, 94 enabling launch of APEC, 1 exploratory ministerial-level meeting, 5 Australasia, 19 Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), 4 gross domestic product, 62 lacking in systemic weight, 38 Australia-Japan Research Centre, 68 Australian National University, 68 B balance of power, 42 Basel Core Principles on Effective Banking Supervision, 60 Bergsten, C. Fred, 33 Bergsten, Fred, 71 Best Practices importance, 42 RTAs and FTAs, 25, 59 bilateral alliances, 32 bilateral arrangements, importance, 24 bilateral FTAs, 23 bilateral meetings, 36 Blake Island, 16, 97 Bogor deadline of free and open trade, 1, 10 declaration, 8 goals, 45, 46, 61, 67, 73, 76, 85, 92 114

ambiguous, 46 free and open trade, 58 review, 53 Joint Statement of Ministers, 6 nine principles of APEC, 6 trade and investment liberalisation, target, 20 Bogor Declaration, 34, 69, 70 criticism, 20 border barriers, 7 elimination, 10 traditional, 1 border-crossing procedures, 63 Bradley, Bill, 3 Brazil, 31 BRICs, 31 Budget and Management Committee (BMC), 58 Busan Business Agenda, 12 Busan Roadmap, 25, 59, 84, 92, 93 revival, 12-13 Bush, George H., 36, 38 Bush, George W., 38, 49 Business Blueprint for APEC: Strategies for Growth and Common Prosperity, 99 business facilitation recommendations for, 99 business mobility, 86, 91 C Canada-US FTA, 49 CEO Summit, 36 Chile, 24 China, 2, 31 FDI inflow, 63 integration into WTO, 8 participation, 63, 64 preference to dealing with only sovereign states, 5 role, 63, 64 refusal to Taiwan s admission, 33 rise of, 25 unilateral liberalization efforts, 63 unilateral liberalization program, 64 Clinton, Bill, 38, 97 closed trading bloc, rejection, 3 Cold War, end of, 32 Collective Action Plans (CAPs), 58, 75 Committee on Trade and Investment (CTI), 58, 83 Common Format, 88 communications inadequacy of, 1 weak, international commerce concerns, 11 communities of individuals, 30 competition policy, 86, 91 region-wide, 13 concerted unilateral liberalization (CUL), 72, 85 concerted unilateralism, 68 constructivists, 42, 43 Cook, Malcolm, 29 cooperation willingness to share information, 8 costs, transportation and communications, reduction, 13 counter-terrorism, 52, 86 Counter-Terrorism Statement, 59, 64 Crawford, John (Sir), 17 customs, compatibility of, 13 customs procedure, 86, 90 D Data Privacy Framework, 59 Declaration on Climate Change, Energy Security and Clean Development, 25, 59, 82 deterrence, APEC s role, 42 dialogue, facilitation, 24 dispute settlement, 86 APEC Code of Practice, 77 mechanisms, 99 Doha Development Agenda (DDA), 61, 84 Doha Round, 34 Drysdale, Peter, 48 E e-apec Strategy, 64 115

Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalisation (EVSL), 9, 34, 43, 45, 59, 61, 84 failure, 47, 94 East Asia, 19 interest in international system, 21 intraregional trade, 21 regional cooperation, 22 trade diplomacy, 20 East Asia forums, 10 East Asian Econommic Caucus, 22 East Asian financial crisis, 17, 21, 22, 23 East Asian political economy, uncertainty, 18 East Asian regionalism, 24 East Asian Summit (EAS), 37 East Timor, 35 economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH), 62, 86, 91, 92 agenda, 51 Economic Committee of APEC, 10, 91 economic cooperation promotion of, 18 economic infrastructure strengthening, 86 economic integration, 12 Economic Leaders Meeting Blake Island, 67 Seattle, 83 economic systems, open, maintenance, 30 Economist, 29 electronic Invidual Action Plan (e-iap), 59 Elek, Andrew, 46, 48 Emergency Preparedness and Paperless Trade, 52 Eminent Persons Group (EPG), 8, 33, 67 formula, 78 proposal for, 69 energy, 88 equal respect participants, 4 European Community, 3 European Union, 9 Evans, Gareth, 30 F facilitation, 86 Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 FDI inflow market China, 63 financial crisis global, 21 Financial Stability in Emerging Market Economics, 60 Fortress Europe fear of, 3 Framework for the Integration of Women, 59 free trade commitment, 24 Free Trade Agreement of Asia and the Pacific (FTAAP), 34 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), 49 bilateral, see bilateral FTAs noodle bowl effect, 63 Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 9 Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP), 22, 46, 64 sub-regional building blocks, 51 Free Trade Area of Asia Pacific (FTAAP), 12, 50 G G-20 Leaders Summit, 84 G-20 Summit, 84 Garnaut, Ross, 48 GATS Commitment Table, 88 GATT, non-discriminatory trade rules, 23 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 2, 34 General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 88 general economic indicators, 107 global outlook, 38 Goh Chok Tong, 70, 71 government procurement, 86 Government Procurement Agreement (GPA), 90 116

Government Procurement Non-Binding Principles of Transparency, Value for Money, Open and Effective Competition, Fair Dealing, Accountabilty and Due process, 91 Gyngell, Allan, 29 H Hanoi Action Plan, 25, 59 Hawke, Bob, 4, 22 Hawke Initiative, 3-4 Hong Kong, participation of, 5 Hu Jintao, speech, 65 human capital, development, 86 human security, 86 I idealists, 42 IMF-Singapore Regional Training Institute (STI), 60 India, 31 rise of, 25 Individual Action Plan (IAP), 34, 43, 45 developments, 75 review process, 45-46 integration of capacity building, 48, 49 Peer Review process, 76, 77, 87 Review Teams, 74 Indonesia, 2 information, willingness to share, 8, 12 information technology products, 7 Information Techonology Agreement, 45 Institute of Policy Studies (IPS), 98 intellectual property rights (IPR), 86, 90 improvements, 99 interdependency, growing, 2 interest calculation, 42 international commerce, changing nature, 11 International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), 89 international trade and investment, benefits to private sector, 12 international financial system, reform, 64 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 89 investment liberalization process, 61 non-binding investment principles, 89 non-binding principles, 71 J Japan, 18, 33, 62 discussions with, 5 Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 4 wartime aggresion, 18 Jusuf Wanandi, 6 K Karns, Margaret P., 52 Kim Young Sam, 70 knowledge-based economies, 86 Koizumi, Junichiro, 23, 37 Kristoff, Sandra, 98 Kuala Lumpur meetings, failure, 21 Kuching Consensus, 7, 45 Kyoto Convention, 90 L labour-intensive industries, 3 Leaders Meeting (1993), 32 Lee Kuan Yew, 5 Lee Tsao Yuan, 98 liberalisation, ambitious goal, 9 liberalization, 86, 87 competitive, 49, 53 concerted unilateral, 61, 72 deadline, 99 priority sectors, 88 unilateral, 48 tariffs, 63 liberals, 42 117

Lima, 25 ministerial meeting, 35 Lima APEC Leaders Statement on the Global Economy, 84 Lima Statement on the Global Economy, 96 logistic constraints, 1 logistics, international commerce concerns, 11 long-term targets, 2 Lord, Winston, 71 M McCraw, Les, 98 Mahathir Mohamad, 22, 70 Mahizhnan, Arun, 98 Malaysia interpretation of Bogor goals, 70 opt-out option, 71 tariff-curring exercise, 72 Manila, 103 Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA), 32, 58, 83, 84 Marrakech Treaty, 90 Marxism, 52 meetings, bilateral, see also bilateral meetings merchandise trade (1998), 108 merchandise trade (2008), 109 Mexico, 87 Mid-Term Stocktake (MTST), 59, 74, 76, 77, 92 review of, 94 Ministers Responsible for Trade (MRT), 73 modality, approaches, 44 Model Measures for IAPs, 93 Morofushi, Minoru, 101 most favoured nation (MFN), 19, 90 multilateral connection, significant, 30 multilateralism-inclined-constructivists, 43 multilateralism-inclined-realists, 42 multinational corporations (MNCs), 62 mutual recognition agreements, 99 Mutual Recognition Arrangment on Electrical Equipment, 59 mutual respect, 8 Myanmar, 37 N NAFTA competing concepts of regional cooperation, 19 rules of origin, 9 NAFTA-APEC-WTO, 49 Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 3 Non-binding Investment Principles (NBIP), 71, 89 non-border barriers, 25 non-discrimination, principle, 21 non-tariff barrier (NTBs), 88 improvements in, 73 table, 85 noodle bowl effect, 63 North America, role in regional economic and political affairs, 21 North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), 30 O Obama, Barack, 39 Official Development Assistance (ODA), 62 open regionalism, 4, 19 Osaka Action Agenda, 7, 8, 32, 58, 60, 68, 72, 83, 85, 86, 101 lack of specificity, 47 Roadmap to Realising APEC Vision, 101 P P4, see Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Pacific Basin Economic Council (PBEC), 68 establishment, 2, 3 Pacific Business Forum experience, 102 genesis from, 97 rebirth as APEC Business Advisory Council, 103 recommendations, 99, 101 118

Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), 29, 68, 73 enabling launch of APEC, 1 identification of region-wide issues, 3 Pacific Ocean, 31 Pacific Trade and Development (PAFTAD), 2, 18 Pacific War end of, 17 recovery from, 18 Papua New Guinea, 61 passports, smart card, 77 peer review, 78 introduction, 73 process, 68 Peru, 87 People s Republic of China (China), 4 see also China Philippines Tariff Commission, 77 political tensions, amelioration, 24 post-bogor agenda, 78 pragmatic approach, 4 preferential trading arrangements, 9 Prisoner s Delight, 48 Prisoner s Dilemma gam, 48 R rapid response capacities, 38 Ravenhill, John, 29 realist camp, 42 regional cooperation, competing concepts, 19 regional process, national champions, 38 regional security, 37 regional trade agreements (RTAs) early announcement to WTO, 111 in force, 110 regionalism, open see open regionalism Report of the Pacific Business Forum, 103 Republic of Korea (ROK), 84 Roh Tae Woo, 4 Romulo, Robert, 13, 103 Rudd, Kevin, 25, 36 re-establishing Australia as source of regional cooperation, 37 rules of origin, 63, 86, 91 Russia, 31 S SARS epidemic, 8 action plan, 59 Santiago Initiative for Expanded Trade, 59 scorecards, 42 Seattle WTO round of trade negotiations, 22 Secure Trade in APEC Region (STAR), 52, 59 security concerns over, 1 clearance procedures, 13 Senior Officials Meeting, 50 services liberalization, 88 Shanghai Accord, 59, 64, 74 Shultz, George, 3 Singapore, 33 APEC secretariat, 35 initial work program, 7 November (2009), 39 Sino-American entente, 32 smart card passports, 77 Soeharto, 5 Standard and Conformance (S&C), 89 standards and qualifications, testing of, 13 Stregthening Regional Integration and Food Safety Cooperation, 93 Structural Reform of behind-the-border measures, 93 Structural Reform Program, 91 Sub-Committee on Custom Procedures (SCCP), 90 Sydney, 25 APEC senior officials meeting, 6 T Taipei, 4 119

Taiwan, 37 participation of, 5 tariffs average, 7 liberalization, 87 liberalization arrangements, 63 rate (1989), 57 table, 85 zero, 77 telecommunications, 88 terrorism, focus on, 35 Thailand interpretation of Bogor goals, 70 Toronto International Leadership Centre for Financial Sector Supervision, 60 tourism, 88 trade growth, 57 liberalization process, 61 merchandise, 108 trade and investment liberalization and facilitation (TILF), 49, 51, 83 trade barriers reduction, 58 trade diplomacy, East Asia, 20 Trade Facilitation Action Plan, 5, 12 Trade Facilitation Plan II, 93 trade liberalization momentum, 71 unilateral, 19, 21 unrealistic expectations, 9 Trade Policy Review Mechanism World Trade Organisation, 77 training programmes region-wide, 100 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 51 transportation, 88 Treaty of Westphalia, 42 Treaty of the Metre, 89 U UN/EDIFACT, 90 unilateralism, 44 concerted, 45, 48 whether ill-faith fallcy, 46 unilateralism-inclined-realists, 42 uniliateralism-inclined constructivists, 43 United States, 18 inclusion of security issues into APEC, 37 Super 301 legislation, 3 Unites States Trade Representative (USTR), 93 Uruguay Round, 24, 88 commitments, 85 GATT negotiations, 4 Uruguay Round Agreement (URA), 84 V voluntary association, 2 voluntary process, 1 Wanandi, Jusuf, 6 Washington Declaration G-20 Leaders, 84 Woolcott, Richard, 4 consultation with ASEAN, 5 work program, initial, 7 Working Groups, 49 Lead Shepherds, 43 World Bank, 11, 60 World Trade Organization (WTO), 34 integration of China, 8 Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM), 77, 87 Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) agreement, 89 Y Yasukuni Shrine, 38 Yen Pau Woo, 74 Yokohama, meeting in, 24 Z Zoellick, Robert, 49 120