Index Note: Page numbers followed by n refer to notes A Age of Enlightenment, 185 Alvarez, Michael, 187 An Duong Vuong, 9 10 ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), 70, 213 ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM), 178 Asian Financial Crisis (1997 98), 67 Asian values thesis, 190 91 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 177 Au Lac, Trieu Da s invasion, 9 10 authoritarian persistence, 190 97 authoritarian resilience, 194 authoritarian states, policy-making of, 45 46 B bandwagoning strategy, 155 58 bauxite mining project, 117 bilateral investment, 112 18 bilateral trade, 100 12 expansion of, 107 foreign trade turnover in, 102 impressive growth of, 102 structure of, 107 bilateral trade agreements (BTA), 70, 71 Binh Minh 02, 136 border trade, 110, 120n14 C Ca Mau Gas Electricity Fertilizer, 98 Cambodia CPV Politburo Resolution no. 32 on, 48 49 labour cost in, 116 military occupation of, 54 Cam, Nguyen Manh, 74 Cao Bang province, 117 Cao Ngan Power Plant project, 95, 97 Central Military Party Commission, 171 Chang, Gordon, 194 Chengdu summit, 61 China ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 107 China National Chemical Engineering Group Corporation, 97 China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), 137, 138, 150n19, 150n20 China s foreign aid policy economic conditions, 94 grant of RMB1 billion, 91 251
252 Index level of aid, 90 during 1949 75 period, 90 in post-normalization period, 93 in pre-1979 period, 89 size and structure, 93 China s Ministry of Commerce, 95 China Southern Power Grid, 102 China s U-shaped line, 76, 85n12 China threat, 2, 30 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 194, 196, 200 Chinese consumer goods in Vietnam, 100 Chinese contractors in power plant projects, 95 96 case of, 100 delay and poor quality of, 97 99 Vietnam s dependence on, 98 Chinese economic influences on bilateral relations archaeological evidence on, 22 23 Chinese bullions, 25 Chinese immigrants in Vietnam, 27 29 export of Vietnamese silver, 29 geographical proximity, 26 regular and tributary trade, 24 role of Dai Viet ports, 24 25 transfer of Chinese technologies, 27 28 tribute missions, 23 24 Vietnamese trade centres, 25 Vietnam s foreign trade policy, 26 27 Clinton, Hillary, 178 CMEA. See Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) CNOOC. See China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) Coalition Government of the Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK), 60 61, 64n7 Code of Conduct (COC), 129 30, 179 Cold War, 88, 185 Co Loa citadel and magic crossbow, 9 10 Committee on Economic and Trade Cooperation, 80 Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), 4 Cambodian revolutionary gains (Resolution no. 32), 48 49, 63n1 dialogue and cooperation, 51 52 domestic political legitimacy, 68 economic reform (Resolution no. 3), 133, 140 foreign policy, 201 implementation of Doi Moi policy, 40 41 national defence policy (Resolution no. 2), 49 50, 63n1 oil and gas industry (Resolution no. 15 & 244), 134, 135 perception of national interests, 51 52 renovation of thinking, 52 tasks and foreign policies (Resolution no. 13), 50, 55, 63n1 comprehensive strategic partnership, 3, 78, 79, 84 concessional loans in China, 92, 95, 97 Confucianism in Vietnam, 17 21 contemporary bilateral relations, 212 14 cooperation-struggle approach, 162 63 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 49, 87, 88 CPV. See Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) cultural influences on bilateral relations cultural traits of Southeast Asia, 17 Nguyen system, 20
Index 253 spread of Confucianism, 17 21 Vietnamese absorption of, 16 women s role and rights, 20 D Dahl, Robert, 186 Dai Viet ports, 24 25 Damen Shipyards Group, 174 Dang Ngoai and Dang Trong, 26, 28, 38n12 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), 129, 178, 182n13, 182n14 democratic peace theory, 44, 198 Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 12 democratization, political prospects of emergence of, 185, 187 GDP per capita, 192 93 modernization theory, 184 89 overview, 183 84 political system, 188 scenarios of, 197 205 social requisites for, 191 transition zone, 186, 187, 194 Deng Xiaoping, 87, 89 Dinh Vu DAP Fertilizer Factory, 97 Diversionary War Theory, 42 domestic developments, 2 3 domestic foreign policy nexus, 46, 198 domestic political situation, 42 43 economic interests, 44 45 electoral cycles, 43 public opinion, 43 44 two-level negotiation process, 43 Vietnam, 46 47 domestic political transformations, 184, 214 17 Do Muoi, 74 Dong Son bronze drums, 22 23 Dung, Nguyen Tan, 130, 150n8, 220n3 E Early Harvest Programme (EHP), 107 East Asian economy, 88, 191 economic belt, 82 economic corridors, 82 economic interests, 44 45, 47 Economic Partnership Agreement, 71 economic pragmatism, 164 66 economic reform in China, 87 electoral cycles, 43 electoral democracy, 200 Engineering/Procurement/ Construction (EPC) contractor, 95, 97, 99 evolution of Vietnam China relation (1991 2015) improved political relations, 76 80 strengthening economic ties, 81 83 territorial disputes, 74 76 exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 126, 127, 130, 138 Eximbank of China, 91 export buyer s credits, 89 95, 97 F First Indochina War, 119n2 fishery industry, 139 42 foreign aid policy in China. See China s foreign aid policy foreign direct investment (FDI) projects, 69, 112 14 foreign economic relations, 73 foreign investment law, 71 Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Co-operation between ASEAN and China, 82 Frank, Andre Gunder, 186 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), 71, 72 French Vietnam relations, 11 12
254 Index G GDP per capita, 186 87, 192 93 Geneva Conference, 1954, 181n5 geographical proximity, 2, 26, 217 Gia Long, 39n20 Giap, Vo Nguyen, 99 Global Financial Crisis (2007 08), 67 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 56 grass-root democracy, 195 Gulf War 1991, 45 H Hai Phong Thermal Power Plant project, 97 98 Haiyang Shiyou 981, 218 Harbin Electric Corporation, 95 Harmand Treaty, 12 Ho Chi Minh National Political Academy, 91 Hong Duc Code, 20 I income, rising level of, 187 information and communication technology (ICT), 107 in-group/out-group hypothesis, 42 K Kantan-3 floating oil platform, 138 Khai, Phan Van, 82 Khmer Rouge, 58 60 L labour cost in Cambodia, 116 Lang Son province, 110 Law on Tendering, 100 Le dynasty, 32 34, 38n12 Le Kha Phieu, 76 Le Loi, 33, 39n19 Lee Kuan Yew, 190 Li Peng, 60 liberal democracy, 189, 191 liberal peace theory, 143, 209n12 Linh, Nguyen Van, 52, 161 Lipset, Seymour M., 184, 186 88 Luong, Tran Duc, 78 M made-in-china products, 100 Mahathir Mohamad, 190 Manh, Nong Duc, 78, 91, 121n23 Mao Zedong, 89 material capabilities, 30 mature asymmetry, 4 military modernization programme, 216 Minh Mang, 37n2 Ministry of Finance (MOF) report, 90 Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT), 97 Ministry of Labour, War Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA), 98 Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) statistics, 91 modernization theory, 183, 189 Lipset, Seymour M., 186 88 preconditions of, 184 85 MPI statistics. See Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) statistics Multilateral Trade Assistance Project (MUTRAP), 107 multi-tiered omni-directional hedging strategy, 153 My Chau, in Vietnamese hisory, 9 10 N National Committee on International Economic Cooperation in 1998, 73 National Defence White Paper, 169, 171 negotiation process, states foreign policy, 43 normalization of Sino-Vietnamese relations, 6 7, 84, 87 88, 90, 120n7 Cambodian conflict, 54, 57 Chengdu summit, 61 China s proposal for, 57
Index 255 Coalition Government of the Democratic Kampuchea, 60 61, 64n7 CP87 s role in, 55 CPV leadership, 53, 55 foreign aid policy of China, 93 94 impact of bilateral trade, 100 Li Peng s expression towards, 60 negotiation process, 58 Paris Peace Agreements on Cambodia, 62 political relations, improvement in, 76 80 red solution, 59, 64n5 Sino-Soviet negotiation, 56 strengthening economic ties, 81 83 territorial disputes, 74 76 Tiananmen crackdown, 56, 60 O O Donnell, Guillermo, 186 Official Gazette of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 150n9 official trading system, 101, 102, 120n14 oil and gas industry bilateral tension, 137 38 CPV Politburo Resolution no. 15 & 244, 134, 135 hydrocarbon resources, 136 Kantan-3 floating oil platform, 138 PetroVietnam. See PetroVietnam Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 91 P pacifying effects of economic interdependence benefits from, 144 Chinese investments, 144 45 liberal peace theory, 143 Vietnam China trade structure, 145, 146 Paracels Islands, 75, 125, 132, 142 Paris Peace Agreements on Cambodia, 62 peace diplomacy of Vietnam, 4 5, 30 35 People s Republic of China, 194 People s Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), 58, 61, 64n4 Permanent Court of Arbitration, 149n3 PetroVietnam contracts, 136, 137 Production Sharing Contracts, 134 35 seismic survey ship, 136 37 population disparity, 2, 32 post-cold War era, 74 post-normalization period, Vietnam China relations, 93, 117, 118 power asymmetry, 2, 33 power plant projects, Chinese contractors in, 95 96 preferential export buyer s credits, 89 95 Program on Offshore Fishing, 140 Protestantism, 185 public opinion, 43 44 Q Quang Ninh province, 110, 117 R Radio Free Asia, 112 rapid economic growth, 119n5 red solution, 59, 64n5 registered capital stock, 114, 115 regular trade, 24 rent-seeking, 195, 208n6 robust economic development, 191, 197 Ross, Michael, 189 Roy, Denny, 155 S Sai Gon Tiep thi, 117 Sea Law of Vietnam, 133
256 Index Shanghai Electric Group Company Ltd, 95 shelling and land-grabbing, 53 silver price in Vietnam, 29 Sin Quyen Copper Plant project, 97 sinicization of Vietnam, 16 Sino-centric tributary system, 30 35 Sino-France War, 11 12 Sino-Soviet negotiation, 56 Sixteen Golden Words, 76 smuggling, 110, 120n14 Snyder, Jack, 158 socio-economic development, 183 authoritarian persistence vs., 190 97 level of, 186, 188, 191 Son, Nguyen Thanh, 96 Song dynasty, 23 24, 28, 34 35, 38n11 South China Sea disputes, 5, 7, 118, 213 14 adjacent waters, 127 assertive in, 112 bilateral expert-level meetings, 128 29 in bilateral relations, 76, 123 fisheries, 139 42 geo-strategic vs. economic drivers, 124, 131 34 international legal rules, 126 27 maritime boundaries in, 76 nine-dotted line, 127, 149n5 oil and gas industry. See oil and gas industry pacifying effects, economic interdependence. See pacifying effects of economic interdependence positive and negative developments, 123 24 relevant waters, 127 sovereignty claims, Paracels and Spratlys, 125 26, 149n4 territorial disputes in, 74 76 and US China relations, 207 Vietnamese MOFA spokesperson, 130 31 Southeast Asia, Vietnam s cultural borrowings from, 17 Soviet Union Vietnam relations, 13, 56, 89, 158 Spratly Islands, 75, 125, 128, 132 33, 171 state s foreign policies, domestic determinants of. See domestic foreign policy nexus Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 170 strategic partnership, 78 Strategy for Socioeconomic Stabilization and Development up to the Year 2000, 50 sub-standard Chinese products, 110 12 T Tang Jiaxuan, 74 tender evaluation method, 100 territorial disparity, 31 Thach, Nguyen Co, 57 third wave of democratization, 186, 190 Tiananmen crackdown, 56, 60 Tiananmen Square, 195, 196 Tonkin Gulf, delimitation of, 75 trade-dependent economy, 70 transition zone of democratization, 186, 187 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement, 71, 176, 210 Treaty of Tianjin, 13 tributary trade, 24 Triet, Nguyen Minh, 130 Trieu Da, invasion of Au Lac, 9 10, 37n1 Trong, Nguyen Phu, 120n13, 177 Trong Thuy, in Vietnamese hisory, 9 10 Truong Chinh, 55 two-level game model, 43
Index 257 tyranny of geography, 6 China as a security threat, 14 15 China s negotiation with United States, 13 Chinese cultural influence, 16 22 de facto alliance with Soviet Union, 13 Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 12 economic relations, 22 29 Sino-France War, 11 12 U UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 126, 127 UNDP s Human Development Report 2002, 187 Unified Investment Law (2006), 71 unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 174 US China relations, 13 South China Sea disputes and, 207 strategic competition, 205 U-shaped line in China, 76, 85n12 V Vietnam China border war, 211 Vietnam China trade structure, 145, 146 Vietnam Coast Guard (VCG), 138 39, 142 Vietnam Energy Association (VEA), 97, 100 Vietnam Fisheries Resources Surveillance (VFRS), 142 Vietnam Marine Police, 151n24 Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), 111 Vietnam News Agency, 91 Vietnam People s Army, 196 Vietnam People s Navy (VPN), 138, 139 Vietnamese MOFA spokesperson, 130 31 Vietnamnet, 112 Vietnam s 1980 Constitution, 14, 38n8 Vietnam s economic performance export turnover, 70 foreign invested sector, 69 70 Free Trade Agreements, 71, 72 GDP growth rate (1990 2014), 67 GNI per capita and poverty rate, 68 trajectory of, 73 Vietnam s foreign policy-making, 46 47 Vietnam s hard balancing, 163 arms acquisitions since 1995, 171 73 definition of, 154 military expenditures, 2003 to 2014, 170 military modernization, 169 70 weapons and equipment, 174 Vietnam s hedging strategy, 7, 181n3 bandwagoning, 155 57 components of, 163 64 cooperation-struggle approach, 162 63 deference and defiance, 153 direct engagement, 166 68 domestic and bilateral conditions, 159 60 economic pragmatism, 164 66 elements of, 181n4 external relations, 160 61 foreign policy, 161 62 hard balancing, 163 historical experience, 157 59 international strategic environment, 160 61 multi-tiered omni-directional, 153 policy tools, 156 soft balancing, 163 two-pronged strategy, 152 Vietnam s National Assembly, 133 Vietnam s soft balancing, 163 Code of Conduct, 179
258 Index comprehensive partnerships, 175, 177 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties, 178 definition of, 154 economic powerhouses, 175 political and military powers, 175 strategic partnerships, 175, 176 Vietnam s strategic culture, 158 59 Vinacomin, 96, 117 Vinh, Nguyen Chi, 182n11 Vinh, Pham Quang, 147 Vinh Tan II Thermal Power Plant project, 95 VNU-HCM. See Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) Vung Ang Economic Zone, 210 W Wang Chao, 90 war of sabotage, 53 White Paper on China foreign aid, 93, 119n5 X Xi Jinping, 91 Xu Dunxin, 58 Y Yulun Jiangsu, 210