CHAPTER 12 LIVING STANDARDS IN A CHANGING WORLD
DEBATE: TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER COUNTRIES?
BRAINSTORM: HOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER COUNTRIES AFFECT CANADA?
MEASURING DEVELOPMENT Standard of living - the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community GDP Per Capita - This measure National income / National Output and National expenditure. GDP per capita divides the GDP by the population.
MEASURING DEVELOPMENT Literacy Rate - the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write with understanding.
MEASURING DEVELOPMENT Life Expectancy - the average period that a person may expect to live.
MEASURING DEVELOPMENT The Human Development Index (HDI) - is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
MEASURING DEVELOPMENT Gini coefficient - a statistical measure of the degree of variation or inequality represented in a set of values, used especially in analyzing income inequality.
HANS ROSLING'S 200 COUNTRIES, 200 YEARS, 4 MINUTES - THE JOY OF STATS - BBC FOUR
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Goals set by UN in 1990 for 2015: 1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. To achieve universal primary education 3. To promote gender equality and empower women 4. To reduce child mortality 5. To improve maternal health 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. To ensure environmental sustainability 8. To develop a global partnership for development
URBANIZATION Push Factors Underemployment Ethnic/Religious tension Requisition of land Droughts/floods Land Degradation Lack of resources Environmental impacts Pull Factors Labor opportunities Medical and social provisions Greater access to food and resources Greater anonymity Social networks
URBANIZATION Slums a heavily populated urban informal settlement characterized by substandard housing and squalor People move to cities for better opportunities but people living in slums are worse off Slums lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, law enforcement and other basic services.
GLOBALIZATION Advantages Freer trade Cheaper goods Access to technology Economic growth Disadvantages Weaker government control Loss of manufacturing jobs Environmental degradation
POVERTY IN CANADA Absolute Poverty - severe deprivation of basic human needs Relative Poverty - people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living Low Income Cut-off (LICO) is used to measure poverty in Canada LICO - 70% of income spent on food, clothing, shelter
POVERTY IN CANADA Canada s poverty rates in 2007: Adults 9.9% Children 9.5% Seniors 4.8% Total 9.2%
THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created during WWII as part of the UN 1. It surveys and monitors economic and financial developments 2. Lends funds to countries 3. Provides technical assistance and training
WHAT IS THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)?
THE WORLD BANK The World Bank was also created during WWII as part of the UN with the purpose of reducing poverty It is also committed to international trade
WHAT DOES THE WORLD BANK ACTUALLY DO?
THE ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC CO- OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD also originated after WWII to administer the Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan was a plan to save the economies of war torn Europe to stop the spread of communism OECD countries are usually rich western countries
HEAVILY INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES Heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) - a group of 38 developing countries with high levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Debt Relief Some people want the richer countries to forgive the debt of the HIPC
SHOULD CANADA FORGIVE THE DEBT OF HIPCS?
WHY SOME COUNTRIES ARE POOR AND OTHERS RICH
VULNERABLE ONES Women Often do not have same educational opportunities as men Also given a harder work load Educated women marry later and have less children Their children have better immunizations, clean water, nutrition, health
VULNERABLE ONES Children United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) UN program that provides humanitarian and developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. U5MR Under Five Mortality Rate
VULNERABLE ONES Children HIV/AIDS Many children are born with HIV/AIDS Malnutrition Children who do not get proper nutrition brains will not develop properly They will likely not have proper job opportunities and live in poverty Their children will likely suffer malnutrition as well
VULNERABLE ONES Children Child Labor Children of families in poverty are often forced to work, beg, steal or prostitute themselves These children without education do not have opportunities as adults They might be bonded labor and have to pay off family debts
VULNERABLE ONES Children Child Soldiers In war ravaged places children are sometimes kidnapped and forced into being soldiers Go to: http://notmywar.childsoldiers.org Read one of the case studies from the website. Share your finding with your partner.
EPIDEMICS Another UN organization, The World Health Organization (WHO), works on preventing the spread of epidemics Epidemics are widespread in the developing world Epidemics include: Avian influenza Cholera Coronaviruses (MERS-CoV, SARS) Ebola virus disease HIV/AIDS Hendra virus infection Influenza (seasonal, pandemic) Leptospirosis Meningitis Nipah virus infection Plague Rift Valley fever Smallpox and human monkeypox Tularaemia Yellow fever Zika virus
FOREIGN AID Non-Governmental Agency Given by private companies through donation Bilateral Aid Given from one country directly to another Multilateral Aid Given by multinational organizations like the UN Go to http://www.cbc.ca/news2/intera ctives/canada-foreign-aid/ to see where Canada spent foreign aid
DEBATE: SHOULD CANADA INCREASE ITS FOREIGN AID?