The Arab Spring, Civil Society, and Innovative Activism
Cenap Çakmak Editor The Arab Spring, Civil Society, and Innovative Activism
Editor Cenap Çakmak Department of International Relations Eskisehir Osmangazi University Department of International Relations Eskisehir, Eskisehir, Turkey ISBN 978-1-137-57176-2 ISBN 978-1-137-57177-9 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-57177-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959562 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: Cover image Idealink Photography / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc. The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A.
Contents 1 Introduction 1 Cenap Çakmak 2 Dogs of Wall Street, Let Us Alone : Graffiti in Cold War Baghdad, 1953 17 Elizabeth Bishop 3 When Pundits Fail: We Are All Khalid Said and the Challenge of Democratizing Egypt 33 Nivien Saleh 4 Civil Society and Political Change in Contemporary Egypt 57 Ignacio Álvarez-Ossorio 5 Social Media and the Arab Spring in Bahrain: From Mobilization to Confrontation 81 Magdalena Karolak v
vi Contents 6 The Middle Eastern Gender Gap: The State of Female Political Participation Before, During and After the Arab Spring 121 Ryan C. Merrill 7 The Arab Spring Through a Libyan Prism: Contagion, Cleavages and Adverse Transition 141 Jason E. Strakes 8 Re-imagining the State in Syria During the First Year of the Uprising (2011 2012) 157 Lana Khattab 9 Rooted in History: The Politics of Middle Eastern and North African Soccer 187 James M. Dorsey 10 Civil State in the Post Arab Spring Countries: Tunisia, Egypt and Libya 217 Ibrahim Natil 11 Conclusion 233 Cenap Çakmak Index 247
Notes on Contributors Ignacio Álvarez-Ossorio is Professor of Arab and Islamic Studies at the University of Alicante, Spain, and Coordinator of Middle East and North Africa Area at the Spanish think tank Fundación Alternativas. He has published articles in journals such as Middle East Quarterly, Maghreb Machrek and Afaq al Mustaqbal. Elizabeth Bishop is Associate Professor of history at Texas State University (from which Lyndon Baines Johnson had graduated during 1930). With general research interests in the global Cold War, she is currently addressing long-term effects of the Atoms for Peace programme. Her research on political and visual cultures in Hashemite Iraq has appeared in Alternatives, the Arab World Geographer and Auto/Fiction. Cenap Çakmak is Professor of international law and politics at Eskisȩhir Osmangazi University, Turkey, and Senior Researcher at Wise Men Center for Strategic Research, Turkey. He previously conducted research at the TMC Asser Institute, Netherlands, and the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law, Germany, and is currently visiting scholar at the Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Sweden. His research focuses on Islam and international law, specifically Islamic law of armed conflict, as well as human rights and international affairs. His most recent publications include Post-Conflict Syrian State and Nation Building (2015), Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia (2016) and A Brief History of International Criminal Law (2016). vii
viii Notes on Contributors James M. Dorsey is senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Singapore, co-director of the University of Würzburg s Institute for Fan Culture, Germany, and the author of The Turbulent World of Middle East Soccer blog, a book with the same title and Comparative Political Transitions between Southeast Asia and the Middle East and North Africa, co-authored with Teresita Cruz-Del Rosario. Magdalena Karolak is Assistant Professor in the Department of Interdisciplinary Studies at Zayed University, United Arab Emirates. Her recent publications include The outcomes of the Arab Spring in Bahrain (2014) in History Notebooks and The Social Media Wars: Sunni and Shia identity conflicts in the Age of Web 2.0 and the Arab Spring (2013). Lana Khattab is a researcher and international development and peacebuilding practitioner. She has worked with the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) in Jordan and most recently with International Alert in the United Kingdom, where she led gender equality research, project and advocacy efforts in the Middle East. She holds an MSc in Middle East politics from SOAS, University of London, and BA in international relations from the University of Birmingham, UK. Ryan C. Merrill is a doctoral candidate in higher education administration at Northeastern University, USA. He is an international education consultant specializing in creating educational pathways that allow all students to overcome barriers in pursuit of meaningful development and change. Ibrahim Natil is Visiting Fellow at the School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Ireland. Dr. Natil is an international development consultant who worked for many international NGOs and the leading founder of the Society Voice Foundation and managed various ranges of civil society programmes. He has published several articles and chapters on a wide range of conflict resolution, civil society, political violence and social movements. Natil is the author of Hamas Transformation: Opportunities and Challenges (2015). Nivien Saleh is Assistant Professor of global studies at the Thunderbird School of Global Management, Arizona State University, USA. She received her PhD in political science from American University in Washington DC, USA. She has held teaching positions at American University (Washington DC), Northern Arizona University, the
Notes on Contributors ix Thunderbird School of Global Management and Arizona State University and has written widely on the European Union s trade policy, the politics and business environment of the Middle East, as well as global trade relations. Jason E. Strakes is Associate Member of the Department of Modern History and Politics of the Middle East at the G. Tsereteli Institute for Oriental Studies, Tbilisi, Georgia. His research interests include comparative politics, state building and institutional development in the Middle East, North Africa and Central Eurasia. He has previously published on these topics in the Journal of Third World Studies, the Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Mediterranean Quarterly, the Arab World Geographer and the Journal of the Middle East and Africa.
List of Figures Fig. 6.1 Percentage of Women in Parliament 126 Fig. 6.2 Regional Averages of Women in Parliament 128 Fig. 6.3 Gender Gap Index 132 Fig. 6.4 Change in Gender Gap Index 134 xi
List of Tables Table 3.1 Percentage increase of consumer prices in Egypt, 2000 2010 34 Table 4.1 Growth of NGOs 61 Table 5.1 The analysis of identities 93 Table 5.2 Anti-government websites 112 Table 5.3 Facebook opposition district websites (above 10,000 likes) 113 Table 5.4 Pro-government websites 113 xiii