Chapter 5 Sect. 1 The American West Conflict with Native Americans White settlers move West Sioux, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa and Comanche thrive on the Plains, thanks to buffalo Felt land shouldn t be bought White settlers were farmers and town folk Thought land should be divided and sold If N.A.s wouldn t settle in one place, their land was available 1
Government Policy Was: moving N.A.s over to the west Problem: White settlers wanted that land too Now (post 1830 s, not current day)- government started seizing their land and moving them to reservations Wanted to break Plains tribes and take land, U.S. citizens OK with that Plains Indians way of life threatened- living on reservations and buffalo hunted to extinction Indian Wars Tension between U.S. gov t, Native Americans and settlers grew Settlers broke treaties Army commanders believed Indians must go Sand Creek Massacre Cheyenne convinced to stop raiding farms of white settlers and return to their reservations peacefully Army attacked Killed 150 Burned the camps Congress condemned the attack Didn t punish the army commanders 2
Battle of the Little Bighorn Sioux were raiding settlers on their territory Army ordered them to leave Sitting Bull and 1000 s of Sioux, Cheyenne and Arapaho gathered at Little Bighorn River George Armstrong Custer (young cavalry officer) led attack against the larger force Slaughtered Sioux victory Wounded Knee Massacre December- army capture Sitting Bull followers Taken to wounded knee creek Soldiers take Native American s rifles Fighting took place Soldiers used machine guns 300 Sioux dead Shocked Americans Broke the Plains tribes Resistance Ends in the West 1877 Nez Perce ordered to move to Idaho Killed settlers on their way there Fled toward Canada Surrendered Apache moved to reservation in Arizona Geronimo (leader of Apache) fled and raided Arizona- Mexico border for years Captured Sept. 1886, held prisoner of war 3
Reservation Life 1 goal of reservation was Americanization Abandon traditional culture and live like white Americans Bureau of Indian Affairs- creates schools Far from home Must speak English Dawes Act (1887)- broke up reservations and gave land to individuals Best land sold, crummy land goes to Indians Ghost Dance 1880 s-1890 s- Native American culture dying out Wovoka (Jack Wilson) prophet 1889- during a solar eclipse Wovoka has vision Don t steal, lie or go to war Perform the ghost dance for 5 days Ghost dance movement spread, seen as hope Saw buffalo herds returning, settlers leaving Didn t happen Mining and Ranching 1859-Comstock Lode about $500 million 1896 Gold along Klondike River, Canada- Alaska border 100,000 Americans move there 4
Mining Communities Mostly men From US & abroad Tents & shacks-> towns with dirt roads- >communities-> major cities (Ex: Denver) Mining As A Business Started with individual miners By 1880 s controlled by large companies Dangerous- cave-ins, explosions and flooding Ranching on the Plains 1 st ranchers - Spanish Texas longhorn- doesn t need much water, eats only grass, can survive the heat And Sheep Cattle Ranchers vs. Sheep Ranchers Cattle said that sheep destroy grassland by eating roots, violence followed 5
Cattle Drives 1866- $4 Cow in Texas = $40 in the East Ranchers hire cowboys (mostly white teenage boys) to drive cattle north to train cities Chisholm Trail 3 months, 10-12 miles a day Ranching as Big Business Barbed wire- used to keep cattle in 1882-1886 400 cattle corporations formed Conflict between those with fenced in land and those without Farmers on the Great Plains 1862- Homestead Act- any head of family 21+ can claim 160 Acres of land Pacific Railway Act- Gov t gave land to railroad companies to build tracks and run telegraph lines Morrill Act- gave states land to build colleges for agriculture and the mechanic arts 6
Oklahoma Land Rush 1879- lobbyist found 2mil. Acres of OK unassigned to NA Presidential order banning entry- settlers ignored it 1889- opened to settlers April 22 50,000 settlers rushed into OK 11,000 homesteads New Settlers push-pull factors- Push- reason to leave where you are Pull- what s pulling you out West Whites- from Mississippi River Valley, middle class farmers and businessmen African Americans- left the South because of KKK and Blackcodes, rumor Kansas would go to freed slaves- it didn t Europeans- Northern Europeans, Irish, Germans, some Russian groups Chinese- 1880 s- railroad workers moved West, helped establish CA s fruit industrycouldn t own land. 7
Challenges and Solutions Harsh weather- cold, snow and wind in Winter; hot, dry, no water in summer Needed wells, and irrigation systems Sod houses or dirt cutouts, no wood New Machines- plows, harvesters Big corporations 1890 s- frontier closed- no more land 1893- Frederick Jackson Turner- Frontier gave U.S. unique history Cause: Americans move out west in large numbers Effect The Second Industrial Revolution Ch 5 Section 2 8
Making Steel Bessemer process Production of steel skyrockets Modern industrial economy Steel used in: Railroad locomotives Railroad tracks Bridges Tall buildings Factory machines Nails Wires Steel is cheaper to make Railroads Expand 1865-1890- amount of railroad tracks increases fivefold Free government land and cheap steel 1 st transcontinental railroad (crosses the whole country) Took 6.5 years Union Pacific (Omaha- Westward) Easy, flat land Central Pacific (Sacramento- Eastward) Mountains, deserts, Indian attacks May 10, 1869- railroads meet at Promontory Summit, Utah territory Travel time cut drastically Few months changed to a few days Accurate time kept Had been based on wherever the sun was in your area Time zones- All areas in one zone would set their clocks to the same time 1918- standard time adopted 9
Rise of Big Business Entrepreneurs- risk takers who start new business ventures Capitalism- economic system in which most business is privately owned Laissez-faire capitalism- companies operate without government interference Huge inequalities Social Darwinism-natural selection applies to societies and business New Business Organizations Corporation- business with the legal statues of an individual Stock sold, board of directors Raise money by selling stock Business goes on after a founder leaves Trusts form when competing companies merge When a trust takes over the market it s called a Monopoly John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie Cornelius Vanderbilt George Pullman Industrial Tycoons 10
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Mass Marketing New marketing- brand names and marketing aimed towards women Department stores form, many different products all in 1 place Catalog and mail order companies for rural areas Workers Organize Industrial workers aren t making much $ Government tried to limit corporations with Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)- didn t work Only went after a few companies 12
American Workforce Factory- European immigrants or rural Americans Laborers and household help- African Americans Industrial workers- children 12-16 hours a day, 6 days a week, unhealthy conditions- no paid leave for anything Workers started to ban together into organized labor groups Knights of labor- Philadelphia, 1869 Accepted unskilled workers, women, African Americans, and employers Wanted 8 hour work day, end child labor, and equal pay for equal work Preferred boycotts and negotiations Strikes soon followed Section 3 Life at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 13
New Immigrants From 1800-1880, 10 million immigrants came to the U.S. From 1880-1910, 18 million new immigrants From eastern and southern Europe Coming to America New immigrants left their home lands for reasons Religious persecution, poverty, lack of opportunity 1892 Ellis Island opens, immigration center in N.Y. 1910 Angel Island- S.F. immigration center mainly used for Asian Immigrants Typically lived in crowded housing, took low unskilled jobs, settled near familiar immigrants Immigrants from the same towns would live near each other and try and keep their culture, religion, beliefs Reaction to Immigrants Nativists- native born Americans, saw immigrants as a threat Blamed for crime, poverty and lack of jobs Chinese exclusion act (1882)- banned immigration from China for 10 years S.F. Japanese had to go to different schools separate from whites Gentleman s Agreement (1907) Japan agreed not to issue passports for the US (except for select cases) and the U.S. Roosevelt tried to pressure S.F. to stop segregating Japanese Americanization Congress passes a literacy test requirement 14
Urban Life in America Late 1800 s cities changed from being compact and short to compact and tall. Elisha Otis- Elevator Frederick Law Olmstead- city parks Different classes Upper class: money made in industry and business, showed off wealth. Built really nice homes 15
Middle Class: made up of accountants, managers and professionals like teachers, lawyers, and doctors 1870 s and 1880 s Occupational groups started to set standards Working class: Most of the population in cities. Lived in crowded apartment buildings, very unhealthy places. Settlement House Movement Settlement house- place where volunteers offered immigrants services, like job training and English language lessons. Hull house in Chicago founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, 1889. by 1910 there are 400 settlement houses. Social Gospel- faith should be expressed through good works. 16
Segregation and Discrimination White southerners are still being stubborn. Remember the 15 th Amendment? Whites in the south still tried to block it using things like poll taxes and literacy tests. Jim Crow Laws: Passed in Southern states, to enforce segregation. EX: different railroad cars for Whites and African Americans Plessy v Ferguson (1896): Plessy was 1/8 th African American and sat in the white railroad car. He was arrested Case taken to the Supreme Court which ruled separate but equal Segregation was ok as long as there were equal facilities. Lynching- murder of an individual by a group or mob 1882-1892- almost 900 African Americans were lynched Political Scandal and Reform Late 1800 s- cities had lots of crime, bad housing and poor sanitation In some cities political machines form (professional politicians) Made things better, mostly corrupt Favors for votes Bribes for contracts Tammany Hall- New York William Marcy Tweed, 1863 Used position to make himself and friends very rich 1871 corruption came out, sent to prison 17
Scandal in the Government Ulysses S. Grant wasn t even safe from scandal Credit Mobilier Scheme set up to funnel railroad money to stockholders, including the VP Republicans in 1880 pick James Garfield, a reformer 4 months in office and he was assassinated Chester Arthur, successor, supported government reform 1883 Pendleton civil service act- promotion based on merit Farmers Reform Farmers not doing so hot, crop prices falling Farmers were in debt Formed Order of Patron Husbandry Congress passes Interstate Commerce Act 1887- regulated railroad prices Silver vs. Gold Farmers Alliance want gov t to print more money Paper money was redeemable for gold or silver 1873 congress limits it to only gold Farmers want paper money redeemable for silver Populist party- formed by Farmers Alliance, farmers, labor leaders and reformers 18
1893- railroad company fails and triggers a panic Stock prices fall Millions lost their jobs President Cleveland (elected 1892) Blamed Sherman Silver Purchase Act Gov t had to purchase silver with money redeemable for gold or silver Election of 1896 Still about silver Republicans nominate William McKinley Democrats pick William Jennings Bryan Gained huge Populist support, supported silver movement Business leaders put big money behind McKinley McKinley wins 19