Challenge Explain 1 difference between Hobbes and Lock's theories of government. 1
Challenge Answer the 3 questions on the handout. Write your answers on the Challenge Sheet. 2
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Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. Jean Jacques Rousseau 4
Group Task Handouts A1 & B1 2 Students Read A1 & 2 Students Read B1 Answer the questions on the handout Group Roles Reader All Recorder All Reporter 2 5
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Rousseau I...regard the establishment of the political body as a real contract between the people and the chiefs chosen by them: a contract by which both parties bind themselves to observe the laws therein expressed, which form the ties of their union.... on the violation of the social compact, each regains his original rights and resumes his natural liberty... From whatever side we approach our principle, we reach the same conclusion, that the social compact (contract) sets up among the citizens an equality of such a kind, that they all bind themselves to observe the same conditions and should therefore all enjoy the same rights.... Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate (combined) capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. 7
... each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will. Rousseau 8
Montesquieu Democratic and aristocratic (upperclass) states are not in their own nature free. Political liberty is to be found only in moderate (average) governments; and even in these it is not always found. It is there only when there is no abuse of power: but constant experience shows us that every man invested with power is apt (quick) to abuse it, and to carry his authority as far as it will go. To prevent this abuse, it is necessary, from the very nature of things, that power should be a check to power. A government may be so constituted (created) that no man shall be compelled to do things to which the law does not oblige (force) him, nor forced to abstain (hold back) from things which the law permits.... In every government three are three sorts of power.... By virtue of the first [legislative power], the prince or magistrate (govt employees) enacts... laws and amends (changes) or [repeals (removes) those that have already been enacted. By second [executive power], he makes peace or war, sends or receives embassies (representatives from a country), establishes the public security, and provides against invasions. By the third [judicial power], he punishes criminals, or determines the disputes that arise between individuals.... ]In order to have this liberty, it is requisite (required) the government be so constituted as one man need not be afraid of another. When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty.... Again, there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, the live and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary (absolute) control; for the judge would then be the legislator. Were it jointed to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence or oppression. There would be the end of everything were the same man or the same body... to exercise those three powers... 9
What would Rousseau & Montesquieu, recommend your desert island government? for 10
ENLIGHTENED Influenced by writings of Enlightenment philosophers supported natural rights, separation of power, consent of the governed, social contract, and freedom of expression. DESPOT A ruler with absolute power 11
Individual Task Handouts C1 & C2 Read both documents & annotate where you see examples of the enlightenment in the leaders' policies. 12
Individual Task 13