Social Movements in Chile

Social Movements in Chile

Sofia Donoso Marisa von Bülow Editors Social Movements in Chile Organization, Trajectories, and Political Consequences

Editors Sofia Donoso Universidad de Chile and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile Marisa von Bülow Department of Political Science Political Science Institute Universidade de Brasília Brasília, Brazil ISBN 978-1-349-95091-1 ISBN 978-1-137-60013-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60013-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956816 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature America Inc. The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY 10004, U.S.A.

Preface The idea for this book emerged when we organized a panel on social movements in post-transition Chile, for the 2013 Latin American Studies Association (LASA) annual conference. The objective was to bring together ongoing and empirically rich research on the fate of social movements after the return of democracy in 1990. While acknowledging that there was a renewed interest in the study of collective action in Chile, especially after the massive protests of 2011, we lacked a more systematic analysis of the possibilities and constraints faced by social movements when mobilizing for long-dormant policy reforms in a country that has been widely acclaimed for its economic prosperity and political stability. This debate continued in a second panel at the 2014 LASA meeting, in which we explored the intertwined relationships between social movements and institutional actors in contemporary Chile and in other Latin American countries. This book is the result of these discussions. It contributes to a better understanding of the role of social movements in democratization in Chile and elsewhere. As we were preparing to send this book s proposal to potential presses, we heard that Rodrigo Avilés, a member of Marisa s research team and an activist in the student movement, had suffered severe injuries after being hit at close range by a police water cannon while participating in a rally in Valparaíso, and was in critical condition. All through the process of signing the contract, contacting authors, writing chapters, and sending the manuscript, we followed Rodrigo s difficult but thankfully impressive path to recovery. He is a reminder that, even in democracies such as the Chilean one, participating in social movements can be a dangerous act. We dedicate this book to Rodrigo and to our students. v

vi Preface The editors at Palgrave-Macmillan believed from the start in the potential of this book. We thank them for their unwavering support and patience. We also thank Nikolai Stieglitz for his revision of the English language of the book. Finally, we thank the authors of the chapters for their dedication. We sought and found the best research on social movements in Chile, as well as the most insightful comparative research. This book will be useful not only to those interested in the specific case of Chile, but to those who wish to better understand contentious politics and the blurred boundaries between institutionalized and noninstitutionalized politics. Santiago and Brasilia November of 2016 Sofia Donoso and Marisa von Bülow

List of Contributors Marisa von Bülow is Professor of Political Science at the Universidade de Brasília and a Researcher at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. She is the author of various books, among them Building transnational networks: Civil society and the politics of trade in the Americas (Cambridge University Press 2010), and Social Movement Dynamics: new perspectives on theory and research from Latin America (with Federico Rossi, Ashgate, 2015). She has also published several articles on social movements in Mobilization, Latin American Politics and Society, among other journals. Sofia Donoso holds an MPhil and a PhD in Development Studies from the University of Oxford. She is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Conflict and Social Cohesion Studies (COES) associated to the Universidad de Chile and the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Her research has been published in the Journal of Latin American Studies, Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, as well as in several book chapters in edited volumes. Nicole Forstenzer holds a PhD in Sociology from University Paris 1 La Sorbonne and is currently an associate researcher at the UMR 201 Développement & Sociétés in France. Her research focuses on feminism and gender politics in post-transition Chile. Her book, Politiques de genre et féminisme dans le Chili de la post-dictature, 1990 2010 (L Harmattan) was published in 2012, and her research has appeared in Revue international de politique comparée, Lien social et Politique, and L Homme et la Société. vii

viii List of Contributors Francisca Gutiérrez received her PhD in Sociology from the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS). She is a Lecturer in Sociology of Labor at the Universidad Alberto Hurtado, an adjunct researcher at the COES, and an associated researcher at the Center of Social Intervention and Analyze (CADIS) at EHESS in France. Her research centers on industrial relations, labor conditions, social movements and organizations. She is currently working on the judicialization of labor disputes in Chile. Rodrigo Medel is a PhD candidate in Political Science at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, and an associate researcher at the Observatory of Labor Strikes of the COES. His main research interests are the sociology of labor relations and the study of social movements, with a particular focus on the determinants of labor strikes, social movement tactics, and the relationship between collective action and institutional reform. His studies have been published in Política y gobierno, Psicoperspectivas, and Revista Calidad en la Educación, among others. Germán Bidegain Ponte holds a PhD in Political Science from the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. His PhD thesis examines the relationship among social movements, political parties, and the state, with a focus on post-transitional Chile. He holds an MA degree in Political Theory from Sciences Po Paris. He has several publications on social movements, and on the relationship between social movements and political parties. Kenneth M. Roberts is Richard J. Schwartz Professor of Government at Cornell University. He is the author of Changing course in Latin America: Party systems in the neoliberal era and the co-editor (together with Rebecca Given and Sarah Soule) of The diffusion of social movements, both with Cambridge University Press. He also published Deepening democracy? The modern Left and social movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford University Press 1998), and co-edited with Steven Levitsky The Resurgence of the Latin American Left (Johns Hopkins University Press). His research on the social bases of political representation in Latin America has been published in a number of scholarly journals, including American Political Science Review, World Politics, Annual Review of Political Science, Comparative Political Studies, Comparative Politics, Studies in Comparative International Development, Politics and Society, and Latin American Politics and Society, among others.

List of Contributors ix Colombina Schaeffer is a sociologist with a PhD in Government and International Relations from the University of Sydney. Her thesis explored the controversy around the construction of a mega hydroelectric project (HidroAysén) in Chilean Patagonia (Aysén Region), focusing on the Patagonia Without Dams campaign, From 2015 to 2016, Colombina worked for the Chilean NGO Programa Chile Sustentable, focusing on the areas of energy, environmental policies, and public participation. Since 2015, she works as a consultant for the Latin American Network of Waste Pickers (Red LACRE). Eduardo Silva holds the Friezo Family Foundation Chair in Political Science at Tulane University. His books include Transnational activism and national movements in Latin America: Bridging the divide (Routledge 2013) and Challenging neoliberalism in Latin America (Cambridge University Press 2009), among others. His articles have appeared in the European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, World Politics, Comparative Politics, Development and Change, Global Environmental Politics, Latin American Politics and Society, Latin American Research Review, and Latin American Perspectives, among others. Nicolás M. Somma is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and a research fellow at the Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES). His areas of expertise include social movement theory and political sociology. His research has appeared in The Sociological Quarterly, Sociological Perspectives, Latin American Politics and Society, Party Politics, Journal of Historical Sociology, and Acta Sociologica, among others.

Contents Part I Social Movements in Chile 1 1 Introduction: Social Movements in Contemporary Chile 3 Marisa von Bülow and Sofia Donoso 2 Shifting Relationships Between Social Movements and Institutional Politics 29 Nicolás M. Somma and Rodrigo Medel Part II Case Studies 63 3 Outsider and Insider Strategies: Chile s Student Movement, 1990 2014 65 Sofia Donoso 4 From Cooperation to Confrontation: The Mapuche Movement and Its Political Impact, 1990 2014 99 Germán Bidegain xi

xii Contents 5 Democratizing the Flows of Democracy: Patagonia Sin Represas in the Awakening of Chile s Civil Society 131 Colombina Schaeffer 6 Feminism and Gender Policies in Post- Dictatorship Chile (1990 2010) 161 Nicole Forstenzer 7 Coping with Neoliberalism Through Legal Mobilization: The Chilean Labor Movement s New Tactics and Allies 191 Francisca Gutiérrez Crocco Part III Chile in Comparative Perspective 219 8 Chilean Social Movements and Party Politics in Comparative Perspective: Conceptualizing Latin America s Third Generation of Anti- Neoliberal Protest 221 Kenneth M. Roberts 9 Post-Transition Social Movements in Chile in Comparative Perspective 249 Eduardo Silva Index 281

List of Figures Graph 2.1 Evolution of the number of protest events in Chile by demand type 35 Graph 2.2 Evolution of the estimated number of participants in protest events in Chile by demand type 36 Graph 4.1 Mapuche protest events (2000 2012) 111 Graph 4.2 Geographical location of the Mapuche population and protest 112 Graph 4.3 FTAI budget evolution as part of the public budget (1995 2014) 116 Fig. 5.1 Map showing the Aysén Region and the Baker (two proposed dams) and Pascua River (three proposed dams) 140 Graph 7.1 Evolution of the number of inspections and the percentage of inspections that result in a fine (There is no public data on fines for the period 2001 2003) 205 xiii

List of Tables Table 2.1 Provinces where student and Mapuche protests took place (Chile, 2000 2012) 51 Table 2.2 Distribution of tactics by social movement (%) (Chile, 2000 2012) 52 Table 3.1 Summary of the Student Movement s strategizing during its main protest waves, 2001 2011 82 Table 4.1 Number of imprisoned Mapuche activists (condemned or in preventive detention) 115 Table 8.1 Three generations of anti-neoliberal protest in Latin America 233 xv