THE ENLIGHTENMENT POLITICS PHILOSOPHES ECONOMICS
POLITICS JOHN LOCKE THOMAS HOBBES MONTESQUIEU ROUSSEAU
JOHN LOCKE 1632-1704 1690 TWO TREATISES ON GOVERNMENT 1690 AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING
LOCKE BELIEVED MAN IS BASICALY GOOD IN A STATE OF NATURE A MODERATE RELIGION WAS GOOD MAN COULD LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE MAN COULD EDUCATE HIMSELF TO AN ENLIGHTENED WAY OF LIFE BELIEVED IN SELF GOVERNMENT
MAN POSSESSED CERTAIN NATURAL RIGHTS------------------- LIFE------------------------------------ LIBERTY--------------------------------- PROPERTY GOVERNMENT WAS SET-UP TO FORCE OBSERVANCE OF THE RIGHTS OF ALL GOVERNMENT SET UP BY A CONTRACT BUT WITH MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS
THE PEOPLE MUST BE REASONABLE IF THE GOVERNMENT BREAKS THE CONTRACT AND THREATENS NATURAL RIGHTS THEN THE GOVERNED HAVE THE RIGHT TO RECONSIDER OR EVEN OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT HE DEFENDED PARLIAMENTS RIGHT TO OVERTHROW THE KING DURING THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
THOMAS HOBBES 1588-1679 1651 LEVIATHAN,OR THE MATTER,FORM AND POWER OF THE COMMONWEALTH, ECCLESIASTICAL AND CIVIL
HOBBES BELIEFS SIDED WITH THE KING AGAINST PARLIAMENT IN THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR MEN HAVE NO CAPACITY FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT MAN IN A STATE OF NATURE WAS A BRUTE TO OBTAIN ORDER MAN SURRENDERED FREEDOM TO A RULER
RULER MUST HAVE UNRESTRICTED FREEDOM TO RULE INTOLERABLY DANGEROUS TO QUESTION ACTS OF GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT MUST BE A LEVIATHAN(MONSTER) SECULAR EXPONENT OF ABSOLUTISM AND THE PRINCIPAL THEORIST OF UNLIMITED SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATE
ABSOLUTE POWER WAS AN EXPEDIENT TO PROMOTE INDIVIDUAL WELFARE QUOTED FREELY FROM THE BIBLE(BUT NOT INFLUENCED BY IT) NEVER A POPULAR WRITER HATED STRUGGLE AND VIOLENCE DURING ENGLISH CIVIL WAR HE STAYED IN FRANCE
BARON MONTESQUIEU 1689-1755 MAIN POLITICAL WORK THE SPIRIT OF THE LAWS 1748 THE BOOK DISCUSSES LAWS IN GENERAL
MONTESQUEIU S BELIEFS POLITICAL LIBERTY FOUND ONLY IN A MODERATE GOVERNMENT(WHEN THERE IS NO ABUSE OF POWER) EVERY MAN INVESTED WITH POWER IS APT TO ABUSE IT TO PREVENT ABUSE THERE SHOULD BE A CHECK TO POWER
BELIEVED IN EXECUTIVE,LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL BRANCHES HOWEVER: HE BELIEVED THAT THE KING SHOULD BE THE EXECUTIVE; THAT THE NOBLES SHOULD CONTROL THE LEGISLATURE; AND THE PEOPLE SHOULD CONTROL THE JUDICIAL BUT THAT IT SHOULD ONLY BE USED SPARINGLY
BELIEVED THAT CLIMATE EFFECTED THE SUCCESS OF TYPES OF GOVERNMENT: DEMOCRACY SUITED FOR TEMPERATE CLIMATES; DICTATORSHIPS IN HOT CLIMATES
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU 1712-1778 THE SOCIAL CONTRACT 1762 DISCOURSE ON THE ORIGIN AND FOUNDATIONS OF INEQUALITY 1755 NOUVEAU HELOISE 1761 EMILE 1762
ROUSSEAU S BELIEFS SOCIAL ORDER IS A SACRED RIGHT WHICH SERVES AS A FOUNDATION FOR ALL OTHERS SOCIAL ORDER IS A RIGHT THAT COMES FROM CONVENTION NOT NATURE MIGHT DOES NOT MAKE RIGHT AND WE ARE BOUND TO OBEY NONE BUT LAWFUL AUTHORITES
CONDITIONS ARE EQUAL FOR ALL EVERY FREE ACTION HAS TWO CAUSES CONCURRING TO PRODUCE IT 1)MORAL-WHICH DETERMINES THE ACT AND 2)PHYSICAL WHICH IS THE POWER TO CARRY IT OUT LEGISLATIVE BELONGS TO THE PEOPLE
GOVERNMENT ---IS AN INTERMEDIATE BODY ESTABLISHED BETWEEN SUBJECTS AND RULERS FOR THEIR MUTUAL CORRESPONDENCE, CHARGED WITH EXECUTION OF THE LAWS AND MAINTENANCE OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL LIBERTY
THE PHILOSOPHES VOLTAIRE ROUSSEAU DIDEROT
OTHERS CONSIDERED TO BE PHILOSOPHES MONTESQUIEU D ALEMBERT BUFFON TURGOT QUESNAY FREDERICK THE GREAT CATHERINE THE GREAT MARIA THERESA
JOSEPH II BISHOP WARBURTON DAVID HUME EDWARD GIBBON DR.SAMUEL JOHNSON WAS NOT A PHILOSOPHE HE DECLARED VOLTAIRE AND ROUSSEAU AS BAD WRITERS
VOLTAIRE 1694-1778 WROTE 70 VOLUMES OF MATERIAL UNIVERSAL HISTORY CANDIDE
VOLTAIRE S BELIEFS INTERESTED IN FREEDOM OF THOUGHT ADMIRED ENGLAND ESPECIALLY ITS 1)RELIGIOUS LIBERTY 2)FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 3)AND HIGH REGARD FOR MEN OF LETTERS LESS CONCERNED WITH POLITICAL LIBERTY
LOUIS XIV HIS HERO( WROTE AGE OF LOUIS XIV) ADMIRED FREDERICK THE GREAT BECAME A RELIGIOUS CRUSADER IN 1740 HATED BIGOTRY,INTOLERANCE,SUPERSTI TION AND THE POWER OF THE ORGANIZED CLERGY ARGUED FOR A NATURAL RELIGION A BELIEF IN GOD
BELIEVED DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL AROSE FROM REASON ITSELF HAD A LOW OPINION OF THE HUMAN RACE BELIEVED IN A STRONG STATE MAN WOULD BE EQUAL IF HE WERE WITHOUT NEEDS BELIEVED EVERYMAN WAS BORN WITH FOUR POWERFUL URGES 1) DOMINATION 2) WEALTH 3) PLEASURE 4) STRONG TASTE FOR LAZINESS
MAN IS NOT BORN EVIL HE BECOMES EVIL ONLY TRULY EVIL MEN ARE POLITICIANS AND PEOPLE WHO WORK FOR POLITICIANS
ROUSSEAU THE PHILOSOPHE
ATTACKED SOCIETY AS ARTIFICIAL AND CORRUPT CIVILIZATION WAS A SOURCE OF EVIL AND THAT LIFE IN A STATE OF NATURE WOULD BE BETTER MAN S BEST TRAITS ARE-- KINDNESS,UNSELFISHNESS,HONES TY, AND TRUE UNDERSTANDING BELIEVED GOD WAS LOVE AND BEAUTY PROPHET OF NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY A LITERARY MASTER
DENIS DIDEROT 1713-1784 THE ENCYCLOPEDIA 1751-1772 PHILOSPOHICAL THOUGHTS 1746 THOUGHTS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF NATURE 1754
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA
ECONOMICS PHYSIOCRATS ADAM SMITH
PHYSIOCRATS QUESNAY TURGOT DUPONT DE NEMOURS
PHYSIOCRAT BELIEFS CONCERNED WITH FISCAL MEASURES TAX REFORM OPPOSED GUILD REGULATIONS AND PRICE COMTROLS BELIEVED IN LAISSEZ FAIRE AND A STRONG GOVERNMENT ECONOMICS GREW OUT OF THEIR ACTIVITIES
ADAM SMITH 1723-1790 WROTE AN INQUIRY INTO THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE WEALTH OF NATIONS 1776
SMITH S BELIEFS INCREASE NATIONAL WEALTH BY REDUCING BARRIERS BUILD UP A NATIONS WEALTH ONE NEEDED AN EMPIRE LIMIT GOVERNMENT TO DEFENSE,INTERNAL SECURITY,AND PROVISIONS OF LAWS AND COURTS
PHILOSOPHER OF FREE TRADE AND FREE MARKET SUPPLY AND DEMAND(THE INVISIBLE HAND) WEAKNESSES OF HIS IDEA 1) INSECURITY OF INDIVIDUALS 2)EXCESSIVE DEPENDANCE OF A WHOLE COUNTRY ON ESSENTIAL IMPORTS
WEALTH OF NATIONS