Studies in Diplomacy General Editor: G. R. Berridge, Professor of International Politics and Director of Research, Centre for the Study of Diplomacy, University of Leicester The series was launched in 1994. Its chief purpose is to encourage original scholarship on the theory and practice of international diplomacy, including its legal regulation. The interests of the series thus embrace such diplomatic functions as signalling, negotiation and consular work, and methods such as summitry and the multilateral conference. Whilst it has a sharp focus on diplomacy at the expense of foreign policy, therefore, the series has no prejudice as to historical period or approach. It also aims to include manuals on protocol and other aspects of diplomatic practice which will be of immediate, day-to-day relevance to professional diplomats. A final ambition is to reprint inaccessible classic works on diplomacy. Titles include: Herman J. Cohen INTERVENING IN AFRICA Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent Andrew F. Cooper (editor) NICHE DIPLOMACY Middle Powers after the Cold War David H. Dunn (editor) DIPLOMACY AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL The Evolution of International Summitry Brian Hocking (editor) FOREIGN MINISTRIES Change and Adaptation Michael Hughes DIPLOMACY BEFORE THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Britain, Russia and the Old Diplomacy, 1894 1917 Donna Lee MIDDLE POWERS AND COMMERCIAL DIPLOMACY British Influence at the Kennedy Trade Round Jan Melissen (editor) INNOVATION IN DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE Peter Neville APPEASING HITLER The Diplomacy of Sir Nevile Henderson, 1937 39
M. J. Peterson RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENTS Legal Doctrine and State Practice, 1815 1995 Gary D. Rawnsley RADIO DIPLOMACY AND PROPAGANDA The BBC and VOA in International Politics, 1956 64 TAIWAN S INFORMAL DIPLOMACY AND PROPAGANDA Studies in Diplomacy Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71495-9 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
Taiwan s Informal Diplomacy and Propaganda Gary D. Rawnsley Lecturer in Politics The University of Nottingham
First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-41231-0 DOI 10.1057/9781403905345 ISBN 978-1-4039-0534-5 (ebook) First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22932-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rawnsley, Gary D. Taiwan s informal diplomacy and propaganda / Gary D. Rawnsley. p. cm. (Studies in diplomacy) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-22932-0 (cloth) 1. Taiwan Foreign relations 1945 2. Propaganda, Taiwan. 3. Diplomacy. I. Title. II. Series. JZ1733.R39 1999 327.1'4'0951249 21 dc21 99 043350 Gary D. Rawnsley 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-75119-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
For Ming-Yeh who has taught me more about Taiwan than I could have ever imagined
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Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations ix xii Introduction 1 1 A Brief International History of the Republic of China 6 2 Diplomacy and Propaganda 22 3 Diplomats, Propaganda and the Overseas Chinese 49 4 Taiwan s International Media and Diplomacy 106 Conclusions 135 Notes 142 Bibliography 172 Index 179
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Acknowledgements In the course of researching and writing this book, I have had the pleasure of renewing acquaintance with many people who share my fascination with the increasingly related worlds of propaganda and diplomacy, and have fed my continued interest in Taiwan. I have also made valuable new friendships on both a personal and a professional level. What is said in the following pages reflects a considerable number of conferences, interviews and discussions, correspondence and social contact with relevant individuals and groups representing the Republic of China, media, academe, and the Overseas Chinese communities throughout the world. I should emphasize for their benefit, and for the benefit of readers, that with the exception of news concerning the launch of ST-1, the Republic of China s first commercial satellite (August 1998), and the renewed Koo-Wang talks in October 1998, the cut-off date for new research is 31 July 1998. I would like to acknowledge the kind assistance offered to me by the following: Geoff Berridge who once again had the courage to support my latest endeavours and always offered the benefit of his expertise and insight; Tim Farmiloe at Macmillan who responded to the original idea; Paul Heywood who, together with the rest of the School of Politics at Nottingham, provided the much needed moral and intellectual support, especially as much of the research and writing coincided with an extended period of illness; Richard Aldrich, whose continuous friendship deserves special thanks, as sharing information and ideas with a colleague interested in the same areas is always a pleasure. And, of course, I must thank Philip Taylor for the benefit of his broad and superior knowledge of all matters propagandistic. My gratitude must extend (in no particular order) to the following who offered information, advice and thoughtful insight: Lee Tsu-yuan, the President of the Broadcasting Corporation in China, and the deputy director of its international department, Daniel Dong Yu-ching, without whom the chapter on the media would be incomplete; Alain Tien, the former director of the Information Service of the Bureau de Representation de Taipei en France; Calvin Chen, the former director of the Press Division of the Taipei Representative Office in the UK a good friend who made the despised journeys to London much more bearable and his successor, Eddie Tsai; Mandy Yang, also of the ix
x Acknowledgements Representative Office; Professor Ralph Clough of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies; Jacqueline Kavanagh and her staff at the BBC Written Archives Centre for indulging me yet again; Virginia Sheng of the Free China Journal; Dr Eugene Chien, the former ROC Ambassador in the UK (and now on the National Security Council at the President s Office in Taipei), and his Executive Assistant Moon Chen, who introduced me in London to the most wonderful noodles I have ever tasted; Andrew Y. Chang, of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Sara Nathan, Editor of Channel Four News; Arthur Cheng, Acting Director of the Chinese Information Service in Malawi; Frank Chang, Director of the Information Division, Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Canada; Shuang Jeff Yao, Director of the Information Division of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States; Professor John F. Copper, Rhodes College; Michael Chen, Press Counsellor at the ROC Embassy in South Africa; Lee Shinyong of the Federation of Taiwanese Associations in Europe; Richard R. Vuylsteke, Senior Editor of the Free China Review; Chen Chung-dow, a close friend; Lynn Pan in Singapore and Gregor Benton in Leeds, both of whom helped my understanding of the overseas Chinese; Lee Shouhua, the Director of the GIO s Department of Compilation and Translation who provided valuable photocopied material; likewise Chang Shu-ti of the Department of Information and Liaison, the Mainland Affairs Council; Dr Yu Yuh-chao and his courteous team at the Information Division of TECO in New York; Ambassador Charles Teng, director-general of TECO, also in New York; Ellen Dionne Wu, who allowed me to use her paper on the ROC s Love Boat summer camp in Taiwan; the staff of the Rare Book and Manuscript Collection in the Butler Library, Columbia University; Mr and Mrs William Powell who made us so welcome on our visit to their home; Sir Philip Goodhart; Tom Cox; Dr David Liu who never resented my constant questioning, and made my frequent vigils beside the fax machine feel like Christmas Day! Finally I should like to thank the participants of the 40th Annual Conference of the American Association of Chinese Studies for their feedback on my research. I should also acknowledge an intellectual debt to the students on my various Mass Media, War and Politics courses at Nottingham since 1994, and students on the new First Casualty module since 1996. They have made teaching the theory and practice of propaganda an exciting and often challenging adventure, and have influenced my ideas in more ways than they perhaps imagine. Such sentiments should be
Acknowledgements xi shared with the many students from Taiwan whom I have known while they have passed, often too briefly, through Nottingham. Without the continuing love and support of my parents, Jack and Shirley Rawnsley, none of this would have been possible. But my final acknowledgement must be to my wife, Ming-yeh, who first introduced me to Taiwan, and has taught me more about that wonderful country and myself than anyone else. Research assistant, translator, proofreader, intellectual stimulant, travelling companion, friend, and loving wife this book is for her.
Abbreviations ARATS BCC CBS CIA CNA FCJ FCR GIO KMT MOFA OCAC PRC ROC SEF SWB TECRO TRA Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Broadcasting Corporation of China Central Broadcasting System/Station Central Intelligence Agency Central News Agency of the Republic of China Free China Journal Free China Review Government Information Office of the Republic of China Kuomintang (the Nationalist Party) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission of the Republic of China People s Republic of China Republic of China (on Taiwan) Straits Exchange Foundation Summaries of World Broadcasts Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States Taiwan Relations Act xii
An ambassador is an honest man, sent to lie abroad for the good of his country. Sir Henry Wotton, 17th-century English ambassador xiii