Liberty, Equality, Power A History of the American People John M. Murrin Princeton University Paul E.Johnson University of Utah James M. McPherson Princeton University Gary Gerstle The Catholic University of America Emily S. Rosenberg Macalester College Norman L. Rosenberg Macalester College HARCOURT ^SKBRACE Harcourt Brace College Publishers Fort; Wort Philadelphia San Diego New York Orlando Austin San Antonio Toronto Montreal London Sydney Tokyo
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Catastrophe 2 Peoples in Motion 2 Europe and the World in the Fifteenth Century 8 The Emergence of Complex Societies in the Americas 19 Conquest and Catastrophe 35 Explanations: Patterns of Conquest, Submission, and Resistance 40 42 CHAPTER 2 The Challenge to Spain and the Spectrum of European Settlement 44 Catholic Spain, the Protestant Challenge, and America 44 The Challenge to Spain 47 The Swarming of the English 59 The Adantic Prism and the Spectrum of Settlement 76 80 CHAPTER 3 England Discovers Its Colonies: Upheaval, War, Trade, and Empire 82 Upheaval in England and the Colonies 83 Mercantilism, the Anglo-Dutch Wars, and the Navigation Acts 85 The Restoration Colonies 88 Indians, Settlers, Upheaval 99 Crisis in England and the Redefinition of Empire 106 The Glorious Revolution 108 The Convergence: Liberty, Property, No Popery 114 114 CHAPTER 4 Expansion, Diversity, and Anglicization in Provincial America 116 Contrasting Empires: Spain and France in North America 116 An Empire of Settlement: The British Colonies 121 Expansion, Immigration, and Regional Differentiation 126 Anglicizing Provincial America 133 The Awakening, the Enlightenment, and the Revolution 142 142 CHAPTER 5 War, Victory, and Imperial Reform 144 Political Culture in British America 144 The Renewal of Imperial Conflict 148 The War for North America 155 Imperial Reform and Colonial Protest 166 Confrontation 172 172 CHAPTER 6 Resistance, Revolution, and Independence 174 The Stamp Act Crisis 176 The Townshend Crisis 179 Internal Cleavages:The Contagion of Liberty 188 The Last Imperial Crisis 194 The Improvised War 200 204 CHAPTER 7 The Republican Experiment 206 Hearts and Minds:The War in the Northern States, 1776-1777 207 The Campaigns of 1777 and Foreign Intervention 210 The Reconstitution of Authority 214 The Crisis of the Revolution, 1779-1783 220 A Revolutionary Society? 231 A More Perfect Union 237 243 Photo Essay: Power, Patriarchy, and the Heroic: The Revolution and the Transformation ofamerican Sensibilities 246
X' Liberty, Equality, Power: A History oj the American People CHAPTER 8 The Democratic Republic, 1790-1820 252 The Farmer's Republic 253 From Backcountry to Frontier 257 The Plantation South, 1790-1820 261 The Seaport Cities, 1790-1815 267 The Assault on Authority 269 Republican Religion 273 280 CHAPTER 9 Completing the Revolution 282 Establishing the Government 282 The Republic in a World at War, 1793-1800. 287 '-The Jeffersonians in Power 294 The Republic and the Napoleonic Wars, 1804-1815 300 311 CHAPTER 10 The Market Revolution, 1815-1860 312 Government and Markets 312 The Transportation Revolution 315 From Yeoman to Businessman: The Rural North and West 321 The Industrial Revolution 328 The Market Revolution in the South 333 339 CHAPTER 11 Toward an American Culture 340 The Northern Middle Class 340 The Plain People of the North 347 The Rise of Popular Culture 350 Family, Church, and Neighborhood: The White South 355 The Private Lives of Slaves 359 365 CHAPTER 12 Jacksonian Democracy 366 Prologue: 1819 366 Republican Revival 370 Adams versus Jackson 373 Jacksonian Democracy and the South 378 Jacksonian Democracy and the Market Revolution 384 The Second American Party System 388 392 CHAPTER 13 Society, Culture, and Politics, 1820-1840 Constituencies The Politics of Economic Development The Politics of Social Reform Excursus: The Politics of Alcohol The Politics of Race The Politics of Gender and Sex CHAPTER 14 Manifest Destiny: An Empire for Liberty or Slavery? Growth as the American Way The Mexican War The Election of 1848 The Compromise of 1850 Filibustering 394 394 397 400 405 409 415 418 420 420 430 435 436 444 446 CHAPTER 15 The Gathering Tempest, 1853-1860 448 Kansas and the Rise of the Republican Party 448 Immigration and Nativism 452 Bleeding Kansas 456 The Election of 1856 459 The Economy in the 1850s 463 The Free Labor Ideology 474 The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 476 John Brown at Harpers Ferry 478 480 CHAPTER 16 Secession and Civil War, 1860-1862 482 The Election of 1860 482 The Lower South Secedes 485 Establishment of the Confederacy 489 The Fort Sumter Issue 490 Choosing Sides 491
Contents xi The Balance Sheet ofwar Navies, the Blockade, and Foreign Relations Campaigns and Battles, 1861 1862 Confederate Counteroffensives CHAPTER 17 A New Birth of Freedom, 1862-1865 Slavery and the War A Winter of Northern Discontent Problems in the South The Wartime Draft and Class Tensions Blueprint for Modern America Women and the War The Confederacy at High Tide The Tide Turns Black Men in Blue The Confederacy's Winter of Discontent Out of the Wilderness The Atlanta Campaign Peace, Politics, and Prisoners of War The Reelection of Lincoln The End of the Confederacy The Assassination of Lincoln CHAPTER 18 Reconstruction, 1863-1877 Wartime Reconstruction Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction Land and Labor in the Postwar South The Advent of Congressional Reconstruction The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson The Completion of Formal Reconstruction The Grant Administration Reconstruction in the South The Election of 1872 The Panic of 1873 The Retreat from Reconstruction The Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 495 Photo Essay:The Ambivalent Relationship of 502 505 513 514 518 518 524 526 527 529 529 531 535 " 537 539 540 542 544 546 547 551 552 554 554 556 558 562 563 565 566 568 571 574 575 576 579 Liberty and Power CHAPTER 19 The Gilded Age The Other Reconstructions The Climax of Westward Expansion The Gilded Age Economy Labor Strife The Populist Movement The Politics of Stalemate The Rise and Fall of the People's Party CHAPTER 20 An Industrial Society, 1900-1920 Sources of Economic Growth "Robber Barons" No More An Obsession with Physical and Racial Fitness Immigration Building Ethnic Communities African-American Labor and Community Workers and Unions The Joys of the City The New Sexuality and the New Woman CHAPTER 21 Progressivism Defining the Progressive Movement Spearheads of Reform Municipal Reforms State Reform A Renewed Campaign for Civil Rights National Reform The Taft Interregnum Roosevelt's Return The Rise of Woodrow Wilson The Election of 1912 The Wilson Presidency National Progressivism: An Ambiguous Legacy 582 584 590 590 597 605 609 615 618 620 623 626 628 634 636 638 642 646 648 651 652 655 658 658 659 667 669 676 678 683 684 685 686 687 691 691
xii Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People CHAPTER 22 American Imperialism, 1898-1917 694 The Birth of American Imperialism 695 The Spanish-American War 699 The United States Becomes a World Power 704 Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician 710 William Howard Taft, D ollar Diplomat 716 Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist 717 720 CHAPTER 23 War and Society, 1914-1920 722 The First World War Breaks Out in Europe 722 'American Neutrality 723 American Intervention 729 Mobilizing for "Total" War 731 The Failure of the International Peace 743 The Postwar Period: A Society in Convulsion 749 754 Photo Essay:The Labor Movement's Quest for Power 756 CHAPTER 24 The 1920s Prosperity The Politics of Business Uneasy America 762 763 769 774 793 Stalemate, 1937-1940 830 The New Deal: Achievements and Failures 831 833 CHAPTER 26 America during the Second World War 836 The Road to War: Aggression and Response 836 Fighting the War Overseas 844 The War at Home: The Economy 854 The War at Home: Social Issues 861 Shaping the Peace 867 871 CHAPTER 27 The Age of Anxiety, 1946-1954 872 A Year of Transition: 1946 872 Creating a National Security State, 1947-1949 876 Domestic Policy: From the New Deal to the Fair Deal 884 Social Change and Containment at Home, 1947-1954 889 Global Containment: The Era of the Korean War The Great Fear: Political Tensions, 1949-1954 Photo Essay: Liberty, Equality, and Power in Everyday Life 895 901 906 908 CHAPTER 25 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939 Causes of the Great Depression Hoover: The Fall of a Self-Made Man The Democratic Roosevelt The First New Deal, 1933-1935 Political Mobilization, Political Unrest, 1934-1935 The Second New Deal, 1935-1937 America's Minorities and the New Deal The New Deal Abroad 796 797 799 801 804 810 816 824 829 CHAPTER 28 Affluence and Its Perils, 1954-1963 Foreign Policy, 1954-1960 Affluence "A People of Plenty" The Discontents of Affluence The Issue of Racial Discrimination, 1954-1960 Debates over Spending and Government's Role in the Economy Kennedy's Foreign Policy Domestic Issues under Kennedy 914 914 920 925 938 935 940 942 946
Contents Xlll CHAPTER 29 America during Its Longest War, 1963-1973 The Great Society Escalation in Vietnam The War at Home, 1965-1970 The Nixon Years, 1969-1974 Foreign Policy under Nixon and Kissinger Watergate 948 948 952 957 964 969 973 976 CHAPTER 30 America in Transition: Economics, Culture, and Social Change in the Late Twentieth Century 978 A Changing Nation, a Changing People 978 Technology and Business 983 The Environment 989 The Many Meanings of Media Culture 993 Social Activism in a Multicultural Society _ 998 The New Right 1010 1012 CHAPTER 31 The Last Quarter-Century: Politics and Foreign Policy from Ford to Clinton 1014 After Watergate: The Ford and Carter Presidencies, 1976-1980 1014 Reagan's "New Morning in America" 1024 Foreign Policy under Reagan 1029 From Reagan to Bush 1033 Foreign Policy under Bush 1037 Toward the Twenty-First Century 1041 1050 APPENDIX 1051 The Declaration of Independence 1052 The Constitution of the United States of America 1054 Admission of States 1065 Population of the United States 1066 Presidential Elections 1067 Presidents,Vice Presidents, and Cabinet Members 1073 Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court 1086 Photo Credits 1089 Index 1093