476 from election to coup in fiji Index affirmative action policies 151 52, 158, 223, 375 77 Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act (ALTA) 14 15, 18, 75, 90, 97, 150 51, 157, 158, 372, 401, 411 Ah Koy, Jim 69, 128, 278, 313 Ali, John 99, 283 All National Congress 229, 248 Alliance Party 5, 6, 65, 73, 78, 79, 81, 82, 93, 147, 205, 220, 229, 243, 244, 253, 255, 256, 323, 338, 371 72, 405, 415 ALTA (see Agricultural Landlord and Tenant Act) alternative vote system 169 70, 211, 272 87, 294, 295, 340 42, 379 84, 385 98, 441 Arms, Father David 55, 347 48, 361, personal perspective 385 98 Assembly of Christian Churches in Fiji 123, 133, 300 14, 328 Australian response to events in Fiji 41, 44, 124, 178, 427, 432 Ba Province xxii, 95, 96, 215, 225 42, 276 Ba Provincial Council 95, 229 30 Baba, Jale 41, 71, 129 30 Baba, Dr Tupeni 67, 91, 92, 99, 283, 339 Bai Kei Viti 69, 94, 225, 236, 238, 278, 285 Bain, Atu 101, 437 Bainimarama, Commodore Voreqe (Frank) xxi, xxii, xxiii, 8, 13, 14, 29, 30, 34, 35 42, 71, 75, 76, 94, 115, 116, 117, 122, 126, 127, 128, 136, 144, 175, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 278, 412 13, 414, 416, 417, 420 49 Baledrokadroka, Colonel Jone 39, 126, 128, 424 Bale, Qoriniasi 13, 111, 125, 130, 132, 139 Banaban community 244, 245, 247, 248 Bau 27, 45, 69, 84, 204, 208, 210, 214, 227, 263 Bavadra, Dr Timoci 6, 32, 98, 225, 228, 404 Beddoes, Mick 93, 95, 102, 124, 196 97, 243, 244, 247, 248, 280 Bose Levu Vakaturaga (Great Council of Chiefs) xxi, 5, 21, 46, 65, 66, 68, 82, 90, 93, 108, 122, 128, 133, 139, 188, 205, 227, 236, 256, 261 62, 270, 404, 410, 411, 412, 413, 415, 417, 422, 431, 432, 434, 435, 437, 440 Bune, Poseci 74, 96, 98, 100, 101, 129, 437, 439
index 477 Butadroka, Sakeasi 5, 105, 219, 278, 408 Cakobau, Adi Samanunu Talakuli 84, 163 64, 165 Cakobau, Ratu Edward 17, 262, 413 Cakobau, Ratu George 6, 17, 262 CAMV (see Conservative Alliance- Matanitu Vanua) Catholic Church 245 46, 302 Caucau, Adi Asenaca 161, 163, 164, 169 CCF (see Citizens Constitutional Forum) Chand, Ganesh 135, 330 31 Chand, Pratap 67 Chaudhry, Mahendra xx, xxi xxii, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 34, 53, 64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 89 103, 106, 114 16, 124, 136, 174, 177, 178, 179, 182, 196, 210, 211, 225, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 248, 276, 280, 315, 322, 325 27, 327, 331, 374, 400, 423, 432, 433, 436 37, 439 43 personal perspective 347 64 Chinese 244, 245 Christopher, David 243, 247, 248 Citizens Constitutional Forum (CCF) 114, 125, 131 colonial history 3 5, 27 28, 82, 227 28, 301 2, 317 22, 322 24 Commonwealth 178 Commonwealth Observer Mission 342 communal representation xix Conservative Alliance-Matanitu Vanua (CAMV) 41, 69, 70, 72, 73, 78, 80 81, 83, 90, 121 22, 137, 138, 139, 140, 179, 204 12, 208 10, 258, 262, 263, 278, 338, 339, 340, 423 Constituency Boundaries Commission 288 99, 344 Constitutions: 1970 xxi, 1, 7, 255, 287, 343, 404 1990 xxi, 1, 128, 221, 255, 256, 257, 416 1997 xix, xxi, xxiv, 1, 2, 6, 7, 20, 68, 72, 98, 102, 113, 128, 136, 141, 176, 221, 257, 272, 289 90, 309, 337, 338, 365, 368, 422, 423, 426, 432, 442 constitutional crisis 1977 xix, 65, 254 Constitution Review Commission (CRC) 7, 14, 221, 293, 343, 385, 386, 407, 441 Constitution (Amendment) Act 1997 233, 288, 293 corruption allegations xxii, 37, 322, 382, 418, 428, 429 31, 434 36, 440 coups 1987 xix, xx, xxi, xxii, 1, 6, 7, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 43, 65, 71, 75, 80, 81, 94, 98, 121, 130, 132, 133, 175, 177, 221, 225, 229, 252, 255, 257, 303, 306, 316, 317, 326, 327, 328, 405, 406, 413, 416, 417, 421, 422, 423, 427 May 2000 xix, xx, xxi, xxii, 1 2, 7, 8, 12, 26, 27, 30, 32, 41, 43, 65, 67, 68, 69, 73, 78, 79, 80, 82, 89, 92, 94, 98, 111 43, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 205, 219, 222, 225, 233, 236, 252, 258, 259, 278, 304, 317, 322, 326, 327, 368, 373, 386, 399, 400, 413, 414, 416, 420, 421, 422, 423, 427, 432, 435, 437 arrest and conviction of participants 34 37, 118 20, 209, 222, 428 December 2006 xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 45, 75 76, 413, 414, 416, 417, 420 49
478 from election to coup in fiji opposition to the coup 433 34 post-coup beatings and intimidation 426, 434, 436 post-coup interim cabinet xxii, 438 44 Cyprus 370 Datt, Krishna 6, 14, 67, 74, 101, 129, 147, 275, 369, 405, 406, 437, 442 Digitaki, Laisa 433 34 Dimuri, Ratu Josefa 37, 122 Druavesi, Ema 138 Duncan, Ofa 129 Durutalo, Simione 239 Duvuloco, Iliesa 181, 205 economic and social policies 144 59 economy 1, 75, 76, 144 59, 401 education 328 31 Electoral Act 1998 xxiv, 52 Electoral reform, calls for 285 86, 287, 340 42, 382 84, 385 98, 402 election campaigns 2006 11 25, 64, 74 75, 91, 94 95, 111 43, 144 59, 174 84, 192 97 election observation missions 52 63, 347 64 and the media 58 59 impact of statements 59 61 elections pre-2006 250 60 1963 46 1972 338 1977 5, 65, 317, 323, 338 1982 65, 254, 322, 338 1987 xx, 6, 255, 317, 327 28, 338 1992 xx, 97, 338 1994 xx, 233, 338 1999 xx, 2, 7, 8, 65, 93, 96, 104, 106, 160, 161, 171, 176, 177, 185, 191 92, 225, 228, 233, 234, 235, 236, 257, 261, 265 67, 272 87, 288 89, 290 95, 317, 338, 340, 341, 365, 368, 385, 386, 387, 403, 441 2001 xx, 2, 9, 17, 53, 64, 65, 71, 72, 79, 98, 104, 121, 154 55, 160, 161, 171, 177, 179, 180, 185, 228, 235, 236, 237, 258, 261, 267 68, 272 87, 288 89, 324, 338, 340, 347, 348, 365, 369, 386, 390 91, 441 elections and nation-building 250 60 electoral boundaries 288 99 Electoral Commission 342 perspective 365 67, 399 Federation Party 5, 250 Fiji Broadcasting Corporation Limited 42 Fiji Elections Office xxv xxvii, 41, 52 57 Fiji Human Rights Commission xxii, 129, 131, 422 Fiji Indian community 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 105, 124, 139, 162, 167, 232 33, 302, 315 36, 343 emigration 6, 9, 259, 327 28, 395, 400 Fiji Labour Party (FLP) 2, 6 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 32, 39, 41, 44, 58, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 79, 82, 86, 89 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 115, 122, 129, 131, 135, 136, 139, 161 63, 165, 177, 196, 205, 210, 223, 228, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 244, 246, 248, 249, 255, 258, 259, 263, 268, 272 87, 310, 315, 324, 325 27, 330 31, 337, 338, 339, 340, 348, 368, 369, 374, 379, 383, 385, 386, 388, 389, 395, 400, 402, 412, 423, 435 43
index 479 policies and manifesto 2006 144 59 Fiji Law Society 72, 125, 129, 131, 142 Fiji Muslim League 320 25, 331 Fiji Police Force 39, 125 Fijian Association Party (FAP) 67, 70, 79, 80, 82, 98, 109, 222, 243, 250, 260, 340 Fijian indigenous customs, and elections 21 22, 46 51 the electoral shed 46, 48 50 songs 50 vanua, lotu and matanitu 78 88, 412 Fijian traditional chiefs and politics 84 86, 108, 213 24, 403 5 title disputes 261 71, 403 Fijian paramountcy 254, 255, 256, 308, 411, 412, 417, 422 Fijian Nationalist Party 5, 85, 220, 278, 415 FLP (see Fiji Labour Party) Foster, Peter 430 31 Ganilau, Ratu Epeli 8, 17 20, 73, 76, 93, 108, 109, 262, 279, 283, 434 Ganilau, Ratu Penaia 93, 109, 246, 255, 262, 413, 417 garment industry 1, 75, 253 General Electors Association 243, 244 General voters ( Generals ) 243 49, 279, 388 General Voters Party 244 Great Council of Chiefs (see Bose Levu Vakaturaga) Guyana 286, 406, 408 10, 418 19 Hindu organisations 315 36 homosexuality 309 Hughes, Andrew 113, 182, 422, 425, 432, 443 Iloilo, Ratu Josefa 35, 66, 67, 97, 126, 179, 210, 229, 234, 236, 420, 421, 426, 431, 437 38 Indigenous Claims Tribunal Bill 75, 424, 442 independence 1970 3, 5, 250, 251 independent candidates 11 Inoke, Sosefo Sikuri 192 98 Irwin, Robin 95, 248, 280 Kamikamica, Josevata 97 Karavaki, Semesa 41, 54, 167, 180 Kepa, Ro Teimumu 163 Khan, Hafizud Dean 324, 331 Kioa islanders 247, 248 Konrote, Jioji Konousi 192 99, 248 Koreans 244 Koroi, Jokapeci 13, 39, 71, 94, 96, 101, 162, 164, 423 Kotabalavu, Jioji 13 Koya, Siddiq 323, 405 Lal, Brij 176 Lalabalavu, Ratu Naiqama 37, 69, 72, 114, 120, 121, 122, 137, 262, 263, 278 land issues 14 15, 75, 90, 150 51, 154 58, 235, 401, 403, 409, 411 Lasaro, Manasa 303 4 Lau 68, 69, 227 Lau Provincial Council 68 Lebanon 370 71 Madraiwiwi, Ratu Joni xx, 14, 38, 39, 40, 94, 101, 417, 420, 424, 428, 438 personal perspective 399 402 Malaysia 376 77 Mara, Ratu Sir Kamisese 5, 6, 8, 34, 66, 68, 69, 89, 91, 93, 97, 102, 109,
480 from election to coup in fiji 116, 122, 132, 147, 176, 178, 182, 213, 220, 227, 233, 237, 243, 246, 255, 262, 323, 368, 371 72, 404, 405, 407, 412, 413, 417, 431, 432, 443 Mara, Ro Lady Lala 213, 218, 224 media 12, 13, 17, 24, 174 84, 399 median voter model 145 47 Melanesian and other Pacific communities 244, 245, 246 Malapportionment 297 Methodist Church of Fiji 46 47, 69, 78, 79, 83 84, 85, 123, 133, 139, 162, 238, 246, 300 14, 315 16, 401, 422, 433, 438, 440 Moderates Forum parties 70, 92, 102 Mua, Metuisela 73 multiracialism 5, 6, 105, 109, 252, 257, 339 Muslim organizations 315 36 Nagagavoka, Ratu Sairusi 93, 94 Nagusuca, Nanise 163, 171 Nailatikau, Adi Koila 69, 132, 142 Nailatikau, Ratu Epeli 66, 127, 264, 439 NAPF (see National Alliance Party of Fiji) Narsey, Wadan 15 National Alliance Party of Fiji (NAPF) 17, 93, 96, 106, 107, 108, 109, 131, 149 53, 161, 165, 192, 193, 194, 196, 248, 262, 279, 283, 379, 382 83, 394, 434, 439 National Farmers Union 16, 21, 101, 235, 276 National Federation Party (NFP) 6, 11, 12, 15, 19, 20, 58, 65, 69, 70, 89, 96, 98, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 124, 131, 136, 147 52, 165, 220, 232, 233, 234, 248, 254, 255, 257, 258, 273, 275, 276, 279, 280, 283, 285, 294, 322, 323, 324 25, 327, 338, 339, 372, 394, 400, 404 Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party (NVTLP) 73, 181, 205, 221, 278 Native Land and Fisheries Commission 270 Native Land Trust Act (NLTA) 15, 75, 90, 150 51, 157, 158, 401, 411 Native Land Trust Board (NLTB) 150, 157, 229, 262, 429, 436 Nawaikula, Niko 73 New Caledonia 370, 371, 374, 376 New Labour Unity Party (NLUP) 67, 69, 70, 92, 243, 245, 339 New Nationalist Party 41 New Zealand response to events in Fiji 44, 124, 178, 427 NFP (see National Federation Party) NLTA (see Native Land Trust Act) NLTB (see Native Land Trust Board) non-government organisations (NGOs) 58, 124 25, 129, 131, 132, 434 Northern Ireland 370, 374, 376 NVTLP (see Nationalist Vanua Tako Lavo Party) Pacific Islands Forum 52, 55, 76, 427 Eminent Persons Group 440 PANU (see Party of National Unity) Party of National Unity (PANU) 69, 73, 93, 94, 95, 97, 102, 191, 225, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 260, 285, 339, 383 Patel, A.D. 148, 404, 405 People s Coalition government 1999 xxi, 2, 7 8, 66, 79, 99, 149, 154, 162, 225, 236, 258, 322, 338, 368, 383, 386, 423
index 481 Poverty issues 152 53, 401 power-sharing, international examples 368 78 Prasad, Chandrika, case 2001 2, 64, 65 66, 68, 70, 76, 90, 327, 423, 426 Prerogative of Mercy Commission 2, 72, 113 Promotion of Reconciliation, Tolerance and Unity Bill ( the RTU Bill ) xxviii, 12 13, 21, 27, 35, 37, 38, 45, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 90, 94, 99, 111 43, 157, 179, 181, 184, 246, 259, 332, 373, 401, 412, 423, 442 impact on 2006 election 135 39 Ministry of Multi-Ethnic Affairs and National Reconciliation and Unity workshops 130 opposition to Bill 123 30, 133 34, 142, 246 Joint Parliamentary Sector Committee on Justice, Law and Order 130, 131 35 proportional representation systems 285 86, 287, 340 42, 382 84, 385 98 Public Servants Association 98 Qarase, Laisenia xxi, xxii, 2, 5, 7, 13, 14, 20 21, 38, 40, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78 88, 90, 94 97, 100, 101, 111 43, 147, 161, 163, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184, 197, 205, 222, 231, 232, 261, 263, 269, 276, 301, 308, 310, 324, 331, 399, 400, 405, 406, 412, 420 49 personal perspective 337 46 (see Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) party/government) Qarase s multiparty cabinet 2006 44, 73, 74, 96, 100, 101, 110, 158, 268, 337, 340, 344 46, 368 78, 403, 406, 412, 424, 437, 439, 441, 442, 443 Qoliqoli Bill 27, 38 39, 45, 75, 129, 136, 424, 442 Qoro, Adi Sivia 163, 268 Rabi Island 133 Rabuka, Sitiveni xxi, 6, 7, 8, 18, 41, 68, 72, 80, 82, 97, 98, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 181 82, 231, 233, 237, 245, 255 56, 257, 285, 303, 306, 328, 368, 372, 405, 406, 412 13, 416, 417 Reconciliation Week October 2004 114 15 Reddy, Jai Ram 6, 8, 15, 17, 18, 90, 98, 176, 177, 233, 275, 368, 372, 405, 406 Reeves, Sir Paul 176 Reeves Commission (see Constitution Review Commission) regional politics xxii religion xxii Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) xxii, 1, 6, 13 14, 26 45, 65, 66, 71, 73, 75, 79, 94, 111, 112, 115, 122, 125, 126 29, 136, 141, 175, 181, 233, 256, 259, 278, 326, 400, 401, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420 49 Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit (CRWU) 30, 32, 117, 443 history 27 29, 414 mutiny 2000 and court martials 31, 35, 38, 72, 112, 116, 117, 122, 126 28, 178, 263, 373, 423 24, 443 opposition to RTU Bill 122, 125, 126 29, 136 public relations team ( truth and justice campaign) 31 34, 42 45, 129, 278 (see also Coups)
482 from election to coup in fiji Rewa xxii, 48, 85, 213 24, 276, 403 RFMF (see Republic of Fiji Military Forces) Rotuma/Rotumans xxii, xxiv, xxvii, 56, 80, 86, 91, 133, 163, 185 203, 244, 257, 279, 388, 394 Rounds Ganilau, Bernadette 95, 131, 163, 164, 246, 280, 439 RTU Bill (see Promotion of Reconciliation, Tolerance and Unity Bill) Salabula, Losena 163 Samisoni, Mere 163 Saubulinayau, Meli 424 25 Savua, Isikia 115, 116, 178 SDL (see Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua Party) Senilagakali, Dr Jona 427, 438 Seniloli, Ratu Jope 12, 36, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122 Seruvakula, Viliame 123, 233 Silatolu, Ratu Timoci 116, 133, 222 Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL) Party/government xxi, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 26, 38, 41, 42, 44, 52, 58, 64, 65 76, 78 88, 90 95, 96, 99, 104 7, 111 43, 161, 162, 163, 179, 182, 183, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 205 11, 213, 217 18, 223, 225, 231, 236, 238, 239, 240, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 258, 259, 261, 263, 268, 269, 272 87, 308, 310, 316, 322, 324, 325 26, 329, 330 31, 338, 339, 340, 348, 379, 382, 388, 393, 395, 400, 401, 412, 420 49 policies and manifesto 2006 144 59, 164 65, 223 Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei (SVT) Party and administration 1992 99 8, 9, 21, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 98, 104, 106, 109, 138, 151, 155, 208, 222, 223, 231, 233, 234, 235, 239, 256, 257, 258, 285, 294, 301, 338, 339, 340, 368, 372, 385, 386, 389 South Africa 369 70, 374 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 124, 135 Speed, Adi Kuini 91, 98 Speight, George xx, 1, 2, 8, 31, 34, 35, 67, 68, 69, 70, 80, 84, 92, 94, 98, 105, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 139, 174, 175, 177, 179, 182 83, 204 12, 222, 234, 236, 278, 304, 428 (see also Coups, May 2000) Sugar Cane Growers Association 276 sugar industry 1, 3, 15 16, 55, 75, 99, 153, 253, 409, 440 Sukuna, Ratu Sir Lala 3 4, 17, 93, 109, 227, 413 Suva 83 84, 245, 246, 247, 279, 280, 283 Suva-Nausori corridor 14 15, 93 SVT (see Soqosoqo ni Vakavulewa ni Taukei Party) Switzerland 370 Tailevu North electorate 204 12 Takiveikata, Ratu Inoke 68 69, 123, 128, 137 Tavaiqia, Ratu Sir Josaia 229 Tikoinasau, Samisoni 121, 122, 140, 205 11, 278 Tora, Apisai 93, 94, 231, 234, 235, 236, 238, 248, 404 Trade Unions 21, 98, 101, 123, 125, 133, 148, 154 Trinidad 406, 408 10, 418 19 Tugia, Manasa 77, 130, 131, 135, 140
index 483 United Generals Party 104, 394, 402 United Peoples Party (UPP) 70, 93, 94, 95, 124, 149, 151, 152, 153, 162, 163, 165, 192, 193, 196, 243 49, 280, 379, 383, 388, 394 University of Fiji 330 31 University of the South Pacific (USP) 52, 54, 55, 57, 60, 62, 130, 328, 330 urbanization 83 84, 253 54, 283 UPP (see United Peoples Party) USP (see University of the South Pacific) USA response to events in Fiji 124, 427 Vakatora, Tomasi 176, 220, 274 Vakalalabure, Ratu Rakuita 120, 121, 122, 137, 140 Vayeshnoi, Lekh Ram 75, 100, 101, 439 Veitokani ni Lewenivanua Vakarisito (VLV) Party 80, 82, 84, 98, 109, 260, 339, 340 Viti Levu 11, 68, 69, 73 VLV (see Veitokani ni Lewenivanua Vakarisito Party) Vosanibola, Josefa 37, 38 Voting irregularities, allegations 70, 347 64, 430, 437 Waqanisau, Jeremaia 35 women and women s organisations 60, 107, 125, 131, 133, 134, 142, 160 73, 195 as voters 165 67 political representation 160 73, 379 84, 388 89, 401 Zinck, Kenneth 70, 246, 279