Migrants and Integration. General issues and two cases from the Netherlands Ton van Naerssen Radboud University Nijmegen (The Netherlands)
Contents Migrants in a globalising world Two migrant (transnational) communities and their changing identities in the Netherlands The Dutch debate on integration
Section 1 Migrants in a globalising world Time and space compression (David Harvey) The information age (Manuel Castells) The network society
A globalising world Space of flows (Castells): the infrastucture facilitating flows of capital, commodities, information and people The mobility paradigm (Urry( Urry) The power of identities
Social change in a globalising world How important are class, religion, gender, and nation? No great stories anymore : Diversity How to integrate diversity? Negotiating social capital ; what we have in common.
Multicultural Amsterdam One of the city s best coffee shops and it has been for some time, thanks to the quality of the goods on offer and the stunning décor and excellent service. If you can t chill at Hunters, you can t chill anywhere.
Integration A process by which a social group, usually a minority, becomes accepted into a society, both at individual and group level
Migrants in the network society The network society (Castells): Space of Flows Nodes- Place making Place making = home making = maintaining core values and constituting transnational communities organisations = identities
Integration of migrants It generally refers to a two-way way process of adaptation by migrants and receiving societies, while the particular requirements for acceptance by a host society vary from country to country (context)
Integration of migrants Integration does not necessarily imply permanent settlement. It does, however, imply consideration of the rights and obligations ons of migrants and host societies of access to different kinds of services and the labour market and identification and respect for a core set of values that bind migrants and host communities in a common purpose.
Migrants Permament Temporarz Forced Circular
Section 2. Three generations of migrants in the Netherlands
The Netherlands in Europe
The Netherlands 16.5 million inhabitants 44.000 Km2 GNP/capita: 39,000 US$ (ranking 10) Service economy Post-modern (secular) society
Migrants from the colonies 450,000 Indies Dutch 40,000 Moluccans 1946-1965 1965
Migrants from the colonies 330.000 Surinamese 1975-1985 1985 Creoles, Hindoes (etc.)
Guest workers (+chain migration) 320,000 Turkish 1970-to date 320,000 Moroccans 1970-to date
New migrant groups (refugees) From: Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Somalia, Ghana 1985-to date
Immigration, Emigration, Balance 1995 : 97,000 63,300 32,800 2000 : 132,850 61,200 71,650 2007 : 116,600 91,500 25,100 2008: 140,000 70,000* 70,000 * *Preliminary estimate TvN
Autochtones and Allochtones 1.75 million foreign born Allochtones versus Autochtones born outside the Netherlands or one of the parents (regardless citizenship) 3.25 allochtones (20 per cent)
Case Studies Two old migrant communities 3 generations+ from Indonesia
Indonesia
Colonial history 17th and 18th century : trading 1870-1945: mining, plantations The Dutch Indies (1920) A raciale segmented society
The Indies Dutch Mestizos in the Dutch Indies Frederik van Naerssen x Elisabeth Samuels
The tropics
Arrival in or return? to the Netherlands
Politics of Assimilation Dutch customs trainings (e.g( Dutch cooking courses) Adaptation outside = Cultural Hybridity inside
Identity-Politics Politics-Identity Demand making in the 1980s The gesture Continuing identity formation: search of the 2 nd and 3rd generation
The 2nd liberation day: August 15
The Great Night Market (The Hague) A yearly manifestation of 10 days in the month of June Pictures: Florin Koning www.pasarmalambesar.nl/
Third Generation Research, documentation New 3 rd generation TCOs
The case of the Moluccans Assen 15 th of April 2008
Moluccans in the Netherlands Forced migration of colonial soldiers to Netherlands Free Moluccan as ideal (RMS) Kumpulans and Pela: keeping village-kinship relations alive
Moluccans 1 st generation: segregation 1 st generation: return to independent RMS Politics of segregation Special neighborhoods
Moluccans 2 nd generation: violence and integration 2 nd generation: RMS as a political ideal (trains and school hijacking in 1975 and 1977) State response: accommodation, dialogue Integration: economic (labour market), social (mixed marriages), cultural (hybridism)
Wijster hijacking train Tele movie May 2008
Moluccans 3rd generation 3 rd generation: peace and relief 1999-2002 2002-to date State response: support non-political transnational initiatives Integration (Moluccan Dutch) while maintaining RMS as ideal
15 th of April
Meetings (80 kumpulans)
Religion
Mini markets in The Netherlands
Kota Ambon
Mini market in the Moluccas
Transnationalism: Building schools
3 generations Moluccans 1 st generation: return to an independent RMS 2 nd generation: RMS as a political ideal (trains and school hijacking in 1975 and 1977) 3 rd generation: peace and relief 1999-2002 2002-to date; symbolic value RMS
Moluccans in the Netherlands Kumpulans and pela: keeping traditional ties and traditions alive Integrated while maintaining identity markers and transnationalism over the generations
Two roads From assimilation to. From segregation to integration IOM Indicators of integration @ language, education, social, political, economic, residential
Conclusion Diversity of styles of integration: assimilation, segregation (segmentation), multiculturalism, integration Dialectics of identity and socio-economic context, state policies Transnationalism and integration
Variants of migrants host society adaptation (I.O.M) Assimilation Migrants give up their cultural identity and adapt the mainstream culture of the host community Integration is the two-way way integration process of mutual adjustment and accommodation; both groups not only accept but also want to contribute to a common culture Multiculturalism allow for or encourage different cultures within a society without jeopardizing national cohesion Segregation migrants and host community have very little interaction; migrants participation in society is highly restricted, as too are their rights
Section 3 The Dutch debate The integration issue is the major social issue of today in the Netherlands Wouter Bos Leader Dutch Labour Party
Contrasting Transnational Diversity (Multicultural society) versus Dutch national identity
Pim Fortuyn (1948-2002) At your service The Netherlands is full
List Pim Fortuyn (LPF) Murdered May 2002 Elections 2002: From 0 to 25 seats
Theo van Gogh Movie director Columnist ( Moroccans are Goatfuckers ) Murdered November 2004
Other events 2005 Referendum EU-Constitution 60 percent voted against Minister of Foreigners Affairs Rita Verdonk forced to step down Snap Elections 2007
Populist anti-migrant parties Geert Wilders: Freedom Party ; Rita Verdonk Proud of the Netherlands movement
The debate labour market or culture Or both
Emancipation A different kind of Emancipation I demand The right to be oppressed Source: www.gregoriusnekschot.nl (3 rd of June)
The Burkini debate February 2008
Multicultural Society Clear the Netherlands No natives anymore Source: www.gregoriusnekschot.nl January 2008
Dilemma s What are the limits to freedom of speech? How to cope with cultural diversity?
Dutch identity?
Behind the integration issue Intersection in the banlieus low incomes, weak services etnicity, norms and values response of society
Behind the integration issue: The other Amartya Sen: Fragmentary Logic a Hutu is indeed a Hutu, a Tamil tiger is clearly a Tamil, a Serb is not an Albanian, and a gentile German with a mind poisoned by Nazi philosophy is certainly a gentile German. Multiple identities
Behind the integration issue national histories The Dutch polder model: negotiating the great stories (of religion, social-democracy and liberalism) After the late sixties : towards a post colonial, secular, open, permissive and divers society After 2000: from an open society towards a new pillarized society or towards a new the polder model?
2004: Building Bridges Report Committee Research Integration Policy (Committee Blok) Integration takes place but not supported by government policies Policy proposals: citizenship and language courses; spatial spread of immigrants; prevent black schools.
Towards a shared identity How to develop new identities and new forces of social solidarity? A shared identity (national and transnational)
2007 Identification with the Netherlands Report of the Scientific Council for Government Policy From identity to identification processes functional identification normative identification emotional identification
Holland camping Emotional identification?
Transnational community organisations TCOs and the integration issue
The end Painting of Ciska Muller