Unit 4: US Imperialism/Expansionism NOTES 1. Foreign Policy: a. The set of goals, principles, and practices that guide a nation in its relations with other countries 2. Monroe Doctrine a. James Monroe became president in 1817. b. Monroe warned that "the American continents" were closed to "future colonization by any European powers" and European nations may not interfere in Latin America. c. Policies of non-colonization and non-interference in the Western Hemisphere became known as the Monroe Doctrine. 3. Expansion through Democracy a. 1803: Thomas Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France for $15,000,000 b. 1819: We negotiate for Florida from Spain c. 1846: Britain signs a treaty dividing the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel d. 1867: $7,200,000 for Alaska from Russia 4. Spanish-American Conflicts a. Spain was once the world's greatest empire, but by 1890 it only controlled Cuba, the Philippines, and Guam. b. Most Cubans were poor laborers who worked on sugar or tobacco plantations. c. Cubans began to want their independence from Spain. i. Jose Marti attempted to led the Cuban revolt, but the Spanish sent an army to brutally crush the rebels. Cubans were forced into concentration camps and many died of disease or starvation. 5. Trouble in Cuba: a. America invested in Cuban sugar plantations i. Realistic View: we must protect our investments Idealistic View: We must help the Cubans realize their dream of independence and freedom 6. Cuba Fights for Independence: a. Cubans desired self-rule, asked for Independence but Spain said no and a revolt broke out. b. Spain crushed the revolt and agreed to some limited reforms to ease tensions. i. Some Cuban representation in government Abolished slavery c. America began to trade with Cuba, investing millions, i. The political situation with Spain made the U.S. nervous. d. A second revolt broke out, guerilla warfare used to end the uprising, i. The Spanish put thousands of Cubans into reconcentration camps. 1. Overcrowded, unsanitary, prison camps with little food or shelter. 2. Many died from starvation and diseased 7. Yellow Journalism a. A style of newspaper reporting that exaggerated the news during the 1890s.
b. Helped spark support for the war with Spain. i. The mistreatment of the Cubans by the Spanish caused alarm in the United States. c. Events were reported on by U.S. newspapers i. Joseph Pulitzer s New York World William Randolph Hearst s New York Journal. d. These newspapers deliberately sensationalized the news, showing the Spanish as murderous brutes in order to sell more newspapers. e. Americans sympathized with the Cubans i. Seeing it as a struggle for freedom, like the American Revolution. President Grover Cleveland followed the policy of neutrality. i William McKinley (1896) was elected and also tried to maintain neutrality. f. Misinformation caused Americans to worry about U.S. investments and citizens living in Cuba at the time. g. Escalate to war. 8. Causes of the War a. De Lome: Spanish Ambassador to Washington. b. In 1898, a letter by the Spanish Ambassador De Lome was published in American newspapers.letter intensified anti-spain feelings i. De Lome letter called the American Pres. McKinley weak and it angered Americans. 9. USS Maine a. An American battleship, the U.S.S. Maine was sent to investigate and protect American interests in Cuba. b. While moored in a Havana Harbor, it was sunk by a mysterious explosion killing 258 U.S. sailors. c. Newspapers blamed Spain. d. America was outraged and cried for war! Remember the Maine e. McKinley tries to give Spain a chance and called for armistice to stop hostility i. Spain was told they must close reconcentration camps 10. Grant Independence a. Spain agreed to give up all colonies but Cuba b. McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war and a recognition of Cuban independence - 1898 11. The Spanish-American War Begins a. Fought on two fronts: i. The Philippines in the Pacific Cuba in the Caribbean Sea b. The Spanish were quickly defeated in the by George Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines. c. The U.S.A. took control of the Philippines i. The Filipino people had expected their freedom would be given to them by the U.S.
d. After the quick victory in the Philippines, the U.S. turned towards Cuba in the Caribbean. e. Teddy Roosevelt raised a volunteer force called the Rough Riders. i. The Rough Riders won the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba. 1. Most decisive battle, the rough riders helped America become victorious 2. Roosevelt became an instant hero. f. The Spanish would run out of options and be forced to surrender g. The U.S. also took control of Guantanamo Bay (We still have it). 12. A Turning Point: U.S.A. as a World Power a. The U.S.A. took control of Cuba just as it had the Philippines. b. Some American soldiers had to be removed from Cuba because of yellow fever spread by the mosquito. c. The treaty signed ending the War gave the U.S.A. control of colonies formerly controlled by Spain. d. These lands included: i. Cuba & Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea The Philippines & Guam in the Pacific e. What would the U.S.A. do with these new possessions? i. Keep em or Free em? f. Should we become an imperial power? g. Many Americans believed we should annex (make them a part of the U.S.), these people were called imperialists. i. Imperialists felt the U.S. should expand and grab colonies while it could before the opportunity to do so was gone. 13. Post War a. Legislation: i. Platt Amendment: The U.S. is allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease land for naval bases. 1. The Platt Amendment was repealed in 1930. American businesses began to invest great sums of money in Cuba. (i.e. the Mafia)Telle Amendment: b. The U.S. occupied and protected Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines, and Guam. i. United States becomes an imperialist country, expanding its empire 14. 1900 Election a. McKinley President b. Teddy Roosevelt VP takes over after McKinley assassination 15. Three Presidents and Three Foreign Policies a. Roosevelt Big Stick Policy i. Big Stick Policy- Work quietly and patiently to achieve goals overseas but use force if necessary.
Roosevelt Corollary: an extension of the Monroe Doctrine where the United States would act as international police power to preserve peace and order in the western hemisphere and protect American interest i Warns Europe to stay away. iv. The Roosevelt Corollary became known as the Big Stick Policy.Teddy Roosevelt often boasted he would walk softly but carry a big stick. v. America would control the Caribbean area 1. Roosevelt sent U.S. troops to Central America to defend U.S. interests. b. Taft Dollar Diplomacy i. Taft continued Roosevelt s goals and his Big Stick Policy but also started to focus on the economy. Dollar Diplomacy- to encourage and protect trade and investment in Latin America and Asia. 1. Use American investment to promote American foreign affairs. 2. U.S. banks loaned Latin American nation money, if they couldn t repay the loans on time, the U.S. government would send troops to make sure it was repaid. i Examples: 1. U.S. bankers lent money to Nicaragua. 2. Nicaragua had trouble repaying the loan. 3. U.S. bankers wanted to take over Nicaragua s railroad and national bank. 4. Nicaragua s government refused to allow this. 5. Taft sent the Marines. c. Wilson Moral Diplomacy i. Tried to take a moral approach to foreign affairs. Moral Diplomacy- democratic ideals rather than economic investment or military force. 1. Self Determination - the right of people of other nations to determine their own government, free of outside influence 2. Based on development of constitutional liberty, human rights, national integrity, and opportunity i iv. Wanted his presidency to be seen less as a bully 1. Forced to send U.S. troops to several Central American nations to protect American interests. Mexico was having a revolution 1. Wilson refused to recognize the new government, he called this his watchful waiting policy to see what was going to happen. v. Pancho Villa entered U.S. soil and murdered U.S. citizens, Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing into Mexico capture Villa. vi. v 16. Territories Acquired During this Era: a. Panama: Pancho escaped capture by the Americans.
i. US helped Panama overthrow Columbia and recognized Panama as an independent nation. US built the Panama Canal which connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 1. Quicker, easier trade 2. Took 10 years to build: The canal opened on August 15th 1914. b. Puerto Rico: i. Puerto Ricans grew frustrated with American rule because they were neither U.S. citizens nor Independent 1. Foraker Act: Established a limited government, selected by the U.S. President and approved by our Congress 2. Puerto Rico is a U.S. commonwealtha. Puerto Rico has control over their laws and finances but decisions on defense and tariffs are in the U.S. hands b. 1917: Jones Act: U.S. Citizenship to the people of Puerto Rico and Philippines c. Its citizens lack voting representation in the U.S. Congress and are not eligible to vote in US national presidential elections c. Philippines: i. Filipino President Emilio Aguinaldo called for independence from the U.S. 1. President Emilio Aguinaldo helped the U.S. capture the Philippines from Spain, then fought against the U.S. for independence February 1899, fight broke out between U.S. and Philippines and the U.S. sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers to put down the revolt. 1. After battles the Filipino army was defeated i The U.S. set up a central government and built schools. 1. The U.S. controlled the Philippines until 1946. d. Hawaii: i. Ruled by Queen Liliuokalani as a Monarchy until 1893 U.S. military forces overthrew the queen 1. Annexed Hawaii, making it part of the United States as a territory in 1900. i Hawaii became a state in 1959 1. The only State that is not part of North America. 17. Mexico: a. Pancho Villa: i. Tried to force US intervention in Revolution by attacking Americans in New Mexico Wilson sent troops into Mexico to capture Villa, but he escaped i Mexicans wanted Americans to leave Mexico 1. US did because of WWI 18. China: a. China was a huge nation rich in resources
i. Spheres of Influence: 1. Areas in which a single nation controlled trading rights 2. Spheres of Influence were areas where a nation enjoyed special privileges within another nation. a. many foreign powers did this in China b. By the 1850s, many European nations already had spheres of influence in China. c. The USA didn t have a sphere of influence in China i. John Hay saw China as a great market for U.S. products. U.S. Secretary of State John Hay was worried that it might soon lose all ability to trade with China. i To keep China s markets open to the USA, Sec. John Hay announced the Open Door Policy in 1899. 1. This policy would give an equal right to all nations to trade in China, not just those with a sphere of influence. d. In 1900, the Boxers, Chinese who opposed the influence of Western nations rebelled, and began killing foreigners living in China. i. The Boxer Rebellion was crushed by the USA and other western nations who wished to keep China open for trade. Sec. John Hay said the USA would oppose anyone attempting to use the Rebellion to break up China. 19. Japan: a. Japan had long been an isolationist nation and avoided Western influences. i. In 1853, American Commodore Matthew Perry landed in Japan to open trade relations. b. By 1890s, Japan had adopted many Western ways and became Asia s 1st industrial power. c. Japan soon became an imperialist nation after defeating both China and Russia in war. i. Teddy Roosevelt earned the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating peace between these nations at the Treaty of Portsmouth. Unit 4: World War I NOTES 1. Causes of WWI a. M.A.I.N: i. Militarism: building up a nation s military and defences Alliance: agreement between 2 or more countries to aid each other if needed i Imperialism: Expanding empire by acquiring other countries iv. Nationalism: Having Pride and strong support for the interests and rights on one's country to the exclusion of other nations. 2. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand a. Austria-Hungary controlled Serbia i. Archduke Ferdinand was not well-liked, heavy-handed Bosnia, was taken over a few years earlier, there was bad blood between the two countries. i Hungarian Troops occupied much of the country
b. Archduke and his wife were visiting Bosnia (Capital of Serbia). c. Serbian terrorists Black Hand plotted an assassination. i. Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia were killed by Serbian Gavrilo Princip d. Austria-Hungary wanted to punish the Serbian people for the death and planned to invade and start a war. 3. Chain Reaction: a. Triple Alliance: i. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire b. Triple Entente: i. Allied Powers: (Serbia), Russia, France, Britain c. Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia d. Russia sides with Serbia and declares war on Austria-Hungary e. Germany helps Austria-Hungary, and declares war on Russia and its ally France f. Britain comes to France s defense, declares war on Germany 4. WWI: US Involvement: a. Neutrality: i. President Wilson declares neutrality 1. Atlantic Ocean geographically isolates the US 2. 1/3 of the population was foreign born, or the children of foreign-born parents 3. Americans made money off of the neutrality policy - trade with both sides b. End of 1914: c. War at bloody stalemate i. neither side making progress or willing to try for peace 1. Starve your enemies: British set up blockade of ships 2. Battle of Attrition: Try to outlast your enemy d. U-Boats i. Germany s new weapon. A submarine like ship developed to break British Blockade and keep supplies from Allies e. Allies, and Wilson call for Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare f. Germany responds by sinking the Arabic g. Wilson sends a strongly worded note Germans agree to stop sinking ships without warning h. Sussex Pledge i. offered by Germany after sinking the Sussex j. Wilson accepted pledge, couldn t accept condition k. Would spare all merchant lives; called for US to make Britain end its blockade 5. Reasons why U.S. Enters the WAR: a. Events leading up to Entrance: i. Sinking of the Lusitania: i 1. British passenger ship sunk by U-Boats, 128 Americans died Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Zimmerman Telegram: 1. Telegram from German Ambassador Zimmerman to Mexico
2. Asks Mexico to attack U.S. to keep US from joining war in Europe 3. Mexico will get all the Southwest territory back after Central Powers wins b. US Enters War: i. US declares war on Germany: April 2, 1917 Reasons for Entry: 1. U-Boat Attacks Lusitania 2. Propaganda-increased desire stirred up to fight in War 3. Zimmerman Telegram 4. Economic reasons- Protect trade and make money 6. Preparedness and Propaganda: a. Preparedness movement i. building up military strength in an effort to be ready if necessary b. Propaganda i. whipping up support for your side 7. Fighting in WWI: a. Selective Service Act: i. Created a national draft First time the US had established a draft before entering a war i Men 21-30 had to register, iv. nearly 10 million registered b. Britain needed American troops in France immediately i. American Expeditionary Force (AEF): 1. Nicknamed the doughboys 2. Infantry soldiers that fought under the command of General John Pershing c. 369th Regiment i. All black unit that earned praise for their part in active combat 8. New Weapons and Technology: a. Machine Guns i. rapid fire, automatic b. Flame Throwers i. sprayed burning fuel, small lightweight, carried by an individual c. Trench Warfare i. Dug lines of trenches in the ground 1. 1st line: grenades & machine guns 2. 2nd line: ammunition & supplies 3. 3rd line: resting soldiers Conditions: Lack of food, Rats, lack of Water, rotting bodies, trench foot, fever d. Chemical Warfare i. Odorless mustard gas caused painful blisters, blindness, & lethal damage to lungs. Gas masks were developed e. Tanks: i. Ended stalemate in the trenches. Rolled across no-man s land protected f. Planes:
i. Take the fight to the sky Scout enemy territory i German Zeppelins: 1. bombing raids iv. British fighter planes g. The Seas i. British Battleships Dreadnought: 1. more powerfully armed and more heavily armored i German U-Boats 1. Armed submarines 2. undetected until it was too late 3. Sunk 1000 ships in the first 4 months of 1917 9. No Man s Land: a. Unoccupied land between the two sides i. Soldiers were easy targets 10. Meuse - Argonne Offensive: a. Break through German lines to reach Sedan railroad i. cut off main line of supply and communication of the German army. b. 1 million US troops took part in the assault i. fighting throughout the Argonne forest 11. The Armistice: a. November 11, 1918 Germany agreed to an armistice, a truce. b. War was finally over 12. The Home Front: a. How did Americans on the home front support or oppose the war? b. Selective Service: America Mobilized her fighting men i. The Draft 9 million registered Volunteers 2 million c. Increased production: fuel, ships, weapons, food i. Women went to work in industries normally dominated by men Many jobs were created and the economy thrived i Governing boards oversee the economy 1. WIB: War Industries Board: would tell factories what goods/products to produce and deliver to the military d. Propaganda Campaigns i. Sell the War 1. Patriotic Fever sets in CPI (Committee on Public Information) 1. propaganda agency to build support for the war. 2. Helped Americans rally around the war effort, 3. Contributed to increased distrust of foreign-born citizens and immigrants. e. Financing the War:
i. War Bonds f. Rationing: i. Less materials for clothes = shorter skirts Give up corsets for the metal i Food and Fuel rationing helped to win the war 1. Relied on Spirit of self-sacrifice iv. Victory Gardens v. Meatless Mondays vi. Gasless Sundays v Daylight Savings Time introduced- extra hour of daylight 1. Help conserve energy 13. The Great Migration: a. Movement of African-American families/individuals North b. War opened thousands of jobs in the North. i. Pull factor: i 1. Job opportunities in the factories of the North Push Factor 1. Poverty, Jim Crow, lynching terrorism Racial tensions rose because blacks and whites were now fighting for jobs and housing, race riots broke out. 14. Opposition to the War: a. For religious or political reasons, some Americans opposed the war. b. Many women i. Jeanette Rankin (1st woman rep. in Congress) c. Women s Peace Party i. Among the leading peace activists 15. The Suppression of Dissent: a. Espionage and Sedition acts: i. Allowed the federal government to suppress antiwar sentiment. Made it illegal to express opposition to the war. b. Socialists and Wobblies i. Socialists and Wobblies who opposed the war became the targets of both patriot groups and the government for their anti-war positions. Many were jailed under the Espionage and Sedition acts. c. Schenck v. United States i. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act in this 1918 case. It ruled that the government could restrict freedom of speech in times of "clear and present danger." 16. The Treaty of Versailles: a. Big Four meet in Paris i. United States: President Wilson Britain: David Lloyd George i France: Georges Clemenceau
iv. Italy: Vittorio Orlando b. Treaty: i. War-Guilt Clause: 1. Germany must accept responsibility for the war German army reduced to 100,000 men i Reparations 1. Germany pays $33 billion to the Allies iv. Germany and its territories were divided up and given to allied countries. 1. This created new countries and rebuilt the borders of existing ones. 17. Fourteen Points: a. Wilson s plan for long lasting peace i. No secret treaties/alliances Safe travel for ships, freedom of the seas i Free trade among countries iv. Reduce stockpiles of weapons v. Reduce imperialism and competition for colonies vi. Restore land taken from countries of war, redraw borders. v Create League of Nations 1. international organization to ensure world peace 2. Collective security, 3. A commitment by countries to join together to deal with a nation that threatens peace a. kept Wilson from getting his votes for Re-election. 18. Ratification of Treaty of Versailles: a. Wilson strongly objected to the harsh treatment of Germany i. Agreed to gain support for the League of Nations. b. House and Senate shift to Republican majority i. Wilson is unable to get the 2/3 vote from the Senate to ratify the treaty Wilson toured the country for support but became very ill. 19. 1920 Election: a. President Harding (democrat) would win the election b. U.S. would not be part of the League of Nations.