Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies

Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond, Professor of International Relations, Peace & Conflict Studies, The University of Manchester, UK Series Editorial Board: Neil Cooper, University of Bradford, UK Severine Autesserre, Barnard College, Columbia University, USA Roland Bleiker, University of Queensland, Australia Annika Bjorkdahl, University of Lund, Sweden Henry F. Carey, Georgia State University, USA Christopher Clapham, University of Cambridge, UK Kevin Clements, University of Otago, NZ Costas Constantinou, University of Cyprus Douglas Fry, University of Alabama, at Birmingham AJR Groom, UniversityofKent,UK Vivienne Jabri, Kings College London, UK Kai Michael Kenkel, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil L.H.M. Ling, The New School, New York University, USA Roger MacGinty, University of Manchester, UK Edward Newman, University of Leeds, UK Sorpong Peo, Ryerson University, Canada Thania Paffenholz, Graduate Institute, Geneva, Switzerland Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, University of Hull, UK Michael Pugh, University of Bradford, UK Ranabir Samaddar, Calcutta Research Group, India Chandra Sririam, University of East London, UK Astri Suhrke, University of Bergen, Norway Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, Sciences Po, France Mandy Turner, Kenyon Institute, Jerusalem, Israel Alison Watson, University of St. Andrews, UK RBJ Walker, University of Victoria, Canada Andrew Williams, University of St. Andrews, UK Titles include: Kirsten Ainley, Rebekka Friedman and Christ Mahony (editors) EVALUATING TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE Accountability and Peacebuilding in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone Sofia Sebastián-Aparicio POST-WAR STATEBUILDING AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN DIVIDED SOCIETIES Beyond Dayton in Bosnia Isiaka A. Badmus THE AFRICAN UNION S ROLE IN PEACEKEEPING Building on Lessons Learned from Security Operations Annika Björkdahl and Susanne Buckley-Zistel (editors) SPATIALIZING PEACE AND CONFLICT Mapping the Production of Places, Sites and Scales of Violence Roland Bleiker AESTHETICS AND WORLD POLITICS Thushara Dibley PARTNERSHIPS, POWER AND PEACEBUILDING NGOs as Agents of Peace in Aceh and Timor-Leste Claire Duncanson FORCES FOR GOOD? Military Masculinities and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq

Kirsten J. Fisher TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE FOR CHILD SOLDIERS Accountability and Social Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Contexts Maria Raquel Freire and Maria Grazia Galantino (editors) MANAGING CRISES, MAKING PEACE Towards a Strategic EU Vision for Security and Defense Daria Isachenko THE MAKING OF INFORMAL STATES Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria Stefanie Kappler LOCAL AGENCY AND PEACEBUILDING EU and International Engagement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus and South Africa Sara McDowell and Máire Braniff COMMEMORATION AS CONFLICT Space, Memory and Identity in Peace Processes SM Farid Mirbagheri WAR AND PEACE IN ISLAM A Critique of Islamic/ist Political Discourses Audra L. Mitchell LOST IN TRANSFORMATION Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland Frank Möller VISUAL PEACE Images, Spectatorship and the Politics of Violence Chavanne L. Peercy LOCAL LEADERSHIP IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION Michael Pugh LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM The Interwar Movement for Peace in Britain Oliver P. Richmond and Audra Mitchell (editors) HYBRID FORMS OF PEACE From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism Emil Souleimanov UNDERSTANDING ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered Lynn M. Tesser ETHNIC CLEANSING AND THE EUROPEAN UNION An Interdisciplinary Approach to Security, Memory and Ethnography Mandy Turner and Omar Shweiki (editors) DECOLONISING PALESTINIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY De-development and Beyond Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Standing Order ISBN 978 1 4039 9575 9 (hardback) & 978 1 4039 9576 6 (paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Spatializing Peace and Conflict Mapping the Production of Places, Sites and Scales of Violence Edited by Annika Björkdahl Professor, Lund University, Sweden Susanne Buckley-Zistel Professor, Center for Conflict Studies, Philipps University Marburg, Germany

SPATIALIZING PEACE AND CONFLICT Selection, introduction and editorial matter Annika Björkdahl and Susanne Buckley-Zistel 2016 Individual chapters Respective authors 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-55047-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. PDF ISBN: 978-1-349-71553-4 E-PDF ISBN: 978-1-137-55048-4 DOI: 10.1057/9781137550484 Distribution in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library.

Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors vii viii ix Spatializing Peace and Conflict: An Introduction 1 Annika Björkdahl and Susanne Buckley-Zistel Part I Territorialities and Scales 1 Overcoming the Material/Social Divide: Conflict Studies from the Perspective of Spatial Theory 25 Sven Chojnacki and Bettina Engels 2 Territoriality in Civil War: The Ignored Territorial Dimensions of Violent Conflict in North Kivu, DRC 41 Martin Doevenspeck 3 Armed Conflict and Space: Exploring Urban Rural Patterns of Violence 60 Kristine Höglund, Erik Melander, Margareta Sollenberg and Ralph Sundberg Part II Global and Local 4 Reading Urban Landscapes of War and Peace: The Case of Goma, DRC 79 Karen Büscher 5 The Camp, The Street, The Hotel and The Karaoke Bar/Brothel The Gendered, Racialized Spaces of a City in Crisis: Dili, 2006 2008 98 Henri Myrttinen 6 Local Agency in Global Spaces? The Engagement of Iraqi Women s NGOs with CEDAW 118 Annika Henrizi v

vi Contents Part III Boundaries and Borders 7 Space, Class and Peace: Spatial Governmentality in Post-War and Post-Socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina 141 Elena B. Stavrevska 8 Bluffing the State: Spatialities of Contested Statehood in the Abkhazian-Georgian Conflict 159 Jolle Demmers and Mikel Venhovens 9 Urban Space as an Agent of Conflict and Peace : Marginalized Im/mobilities and the Predicament of Exclusive Inclusion among Palestinians in Tel Aviv 178 Andreas Hackl 10 Reframing the Olympic Games: Uncovering New Spatial Stories of (De)securitization 198 Faye Donnelly Part IV Places and Sites 11 Where Conflict and Peace Take Place: Memorialization, Sacralization and Post-Conflict Space 221 Laura Michael, Brendan Murtagh and Linda Price 12 Seeing and Unseeing the Dome of the Rock: Conflict, Memory and Belonging in Jerusalem 242 Nina Fischer 13 Belfast, The Shared City? Spatial Narratives of Conflict Transformation 265 Milena Komarova and Liam O Dowd 14 Geographies of Crime and Justice in Bosnia and Herzegovina 286 Zala Volčič and Olivera Simić Index 304

Figures and Tables Figures 11.1 MLK Prison photographed shortly after its closure 229 11.2 Collaborative stakeholder map for the MLK Prison 232 Tables 3.1 Violence versus no violence, 1989 2010 66 3.2 State-based armed conflict, 1989 2010 67 3.3 Non-state armed conflict, 1989 2010 67 3.4 One-sided violence, 1989 2010 68 3.5 Casualties in urban versus rural areas, all violence and per category, 1989 2010 69 vii

Acknowledgements This volume is an outcome of an ongoing collaboration and discussion among scholars with an interest in where peace and conflict take place. Some of the chapters were presented as papers on the panel Spatial Agency in Transitions to Peace at the conference Power and Peacebuilding of the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute in Manchester in September 2013, where the idea for this volume was born. Others formed part of a panel at the International Studies Association conference in 2015 entitled Analysing Peace and Conflict from a Spatial Perspective. The contributors to this volume convincingly show that spatial analysis can provide new and important insights into processes of peace and the dynamics of conflict as situated within and constitutive of different spaces and places. By mapping the interconnectedness between space and place on the one hand and peace and conflict on the other, this volume critically investigates how territorialities and scales; global and local; boundaries and borders; and places and sites are analytically employed in the study of peace and conflict. Hence we want to extend our gratitude to the authors in this volume for sharing their academic insights and knowledge, making this a novel contribution to peace and conflict studies. We also want to thank our colleagues and friends Stephanie Kappler at Durham University and Johanna Mannergren Selimovic at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs who have offered insights, and stimulating and creative discussions during this project. In addition, we want to extend our thanks to Oliver Richmond at Manchester University, the editor of the Palgrave series Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, for encouragement, support and engaging discussions that have developed our ideas and helped us to advance the spatial turn in peace and conflict studies. Moreover, Friederike Mieth and Robert Nagel deserve special gratitude for their copy-editing work on the manuscript. Susanne Buckley-Zistel extends her gratitude to the Käte Hamburger Kolleg Global Cooperation Research which offered her a fellowship in the context of which this volume emerged. Annika Björkdahl wishes to express her gratitude to the Swedish Development Agency SIDA and the Swedish Research Council for providing research funding which made this volume possible. viii

Contributors Annika Björkdahl is Professor of Political Science at Lund University, Sweden. Her research includes international and local peacebuilding with a particular focus on urban peacebuilding, and gender and transitional justice. Her recent publications include Rethinking Peacebuilding: The Quest for Just Peace in the Middle East and the Western Balkans (2013), Divided Cities: Governing Diversity (2015) and she is the editor of Cooperation and Conflict. Susanne Buckley-Zistel is Professor of Peace Conflict Studies and Director of the Center for Conflict Studies, Philipps University Marburg, Germany, and is also senior fellow at the Käte Hamburger Kolleg for Global Cooperation Research at the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. She holds a PhD in international relations from the London School of Economics, UK, and has held positions at King s College, London, UK, the Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Germany, and the Free University, Berlin, Germany. Her research focuses on issues pertaining to peace and conflict, violence, gender and transitional justice. Karen Büscher is assistant professor and postdoctoral researcher in the Conflict Research Group, Ghent University, Belgium. Her research includes urbanization in the specific context of violent conflict, focusing on central Africa (DRC and Uganda), and is based mostly on ethnographic research. Several pieces of her work have appeared in international, peer-reviewed journals. Sven Chojnacki is Professor of Comparative Politics and Peace/Conflict Research at the Free University Berlin, Germany, and head of the research project Variances and Consequences of Territorial Control by Non-State Actors at the Collaborative Research Center (SFB) 700 at the university. He is currently doing research on the spatial dynamics of collective violence from the perspective of conflict studies, critical geography and post-colonial theory. Jolle Demmers is associate professor and co-founder of the Centre for Conflict Studies at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. She lectures and ix

x Notes on Contributors writes on theories of violent conflict, ethnographies of neoliberalism and diaspora and violent conflict. Her latest book, Theories of Violent Conflict (2012), has been nominated for the ENMISA 2013 Distinguished Book Award. Martin Doevenspeck is Professor of Geographical Conflict Research and Political Geography at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. His research focuses on migration, spatial dimensions of violent conflict and the political dimensions of climate change and risk in West and Central Africa. Faye Donnelly is a lecturer at the University of St Andrews, UK. She is author of Securitization and the Iraq War: The Rules of Engagement in World Politics (2013). Her current research focuses on security emblems, the interrelationships between security and borders, and the intersections between securitization and finance. Bettina Engels is Junior Professor of Conflict Research, focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa, at the Otto Suhr Institute for Political Science, Free University Berlin, Germany. Her research focuses on conflict over land and mining, spatial and action theory, and resistance, urban protest and social movements in Africa. Nina Fischer teaches Jewish Studies at the University of Edinburgh, UK. Previously, she held fellowships at the Australian National University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, and served as researcher and project manager of the History and Memory Group at the University of Konstanz, Germany. Her research areas include memory, holocaust and Middle Eastern studies, and she is currently working on a book tracing the conflicting cultural representation of Jerusalem. She is author of Memory Work: The Second Generation (2015). Andreas Hackl is a PhD candidate in social anthropology at the University of Edinburgh, UK, writing on Israel-Palestine and Palestinians in Israel in particular. Previously he was a Jerusalem-based news correspondent and independent analyst for various media outlets and the humanitarian news agency of the United Nations (UN). A graduate of social anthropology and political sciences at the University of Vienna, Austria, he is primarily a political anthropologist with particular research expertise in issues of identity, civil resistance and mobility. He is also a board member of Peace and Conflict Studies

Notes on Contributors xi in Anthropology, a network of the European Association of Social Anthropologists. Annika Henrizi is a PhD candidate and occasional lecturer at the Center for Conflict Studies, University of Marburg, Germany. In her PhD project, Gendered Agency in (Post-)Conflict Spaces: Women s Engagement in Iraqi NGOs (non-governmental organizations), she analyses the engagement of Iraqi women within NGOs in the wider context of peacebuilding. Her research is located at the nexus between sociology, and peace and conflict studies. Her special focus is on theories of space and action. She is also working on gender in conflict and post-conflict societies, and sociopolitical processes in the Middle East. Kristine Höglund is Professor in the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Sweden. Her research has covered issues such as the causes and consequences of electoral violence, the importance of trust in peace-negotiation processes and the role of international actors in dealing with crises in war-torn societies. Her work has been published in journals such as Democratization, Review of International Studies, Negotiation Journal, International Negotiation and International Peacekeeping. Milena Komarova is a research fellow in the Institute for the Study of Conflict Transformation and Social Justice, Queen s University Belfast, UK. Her research interests include ethnonational urban conflicts and conflict transformation; public space, place and collective identities; and mundane mobilities and urban borders. She has published on discourses of peacebuilding, urban borders in post-socialist cities, shared space, territoriality and regeneration in Belfast, and the uses of visual and mobile methodologies in conflict research. Erik Melander is Professor at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research and, since 2006, Deputy Director of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), Uppsala University, Sweden. He has also been a senior research associate at the Joan B Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame, France, since 2007. His current main interests are third-party peacemaking in civil wars and the relationship between gender equality and armed conflict. Laura Michael is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Queen s University Belfast, UK. Her research focus is on sacralization, space and

xii Notes on Contributors the planning system, and she has drawn on a range of conflict and post-conflict cases to understand the interplay between public policy, place-making and memorialization. Brendan Murtagh is a chartered town planner and a reader in the School of Planning Architecture and Civil Engineering at Queen s University Belfast, UK. He has researched and written widely on urban regeneration, conflict and community participation. His recent books include The Politics of Territory, Segregation, Violence and the City and Understanding the Social Economy and the Third Sector. Henri Myrttinen is the head of the Gender Team at International Alert. Since 2000 he has been researching, working, teaching, training and publishing on gender, especially in the context of post-conflict and conflict-affected societies in Central and Eastern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia for a variety of NGOs, think-tanks and donor agencies. He holds a PhD in conflict resolution and peace studies from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Liam O Dowd is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Centre for International Borders Research at Queen s University, Belfast, UK. His research interests include urban conflicts in contested states, borders, imperialism and nationalism, the Northern Ireland conflict and the sociology of intellectuals. He has published extensively on cities, borders and Northern Ireland, and most recently has co-authored/edited Religion, Violence and Cities (2014). Linda Price has researched widely on rural sociology with a particular emphasis on meaning and identity in the context of agricultural restructuring. She has extensive experience in the application of ethnographic methods and life histories to reveal the complexity of gender and farming cultures, traditions of rural communities, and impacts of change on farming men and women across the life course. This work has been undertaken in the UK and Ireland, and more recently in Canada and Australia. Olivera Simić is a senior lecturer with the Griffith Law School, Griffith University, Australia, and a visiting professor with the UN University for Peace in Costa Rica. Her research engages with transitional justice, international law, gender and crime from an interdisciplinary perspective. She has published numerous journal articles and book chapters,

Notes on Contributors xiii two monographs and four edited collections in the field of transitional justice. Her latest publications are The Arts of Transitional Justice: Culture, Activism, and Memory after Atrocity (with Peter D Rush, 2013) and Surviving Peace: A Political Memoir (2014). Margareta Sollenberg is an assistant professor in the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Sweden. Her research has covered economic incentives for armed conflict, specifically with regard to the role of foreign aid, and various issues relating to conflict data collection. She has been involved in the UCDP for the past two decades and has published on UCDP data in, for example, Journal of Peace Research, SIPRI Yearbook and Conflict, Security & Development. Elena B. Stavrevska is a PhD candidate in political science at the Central European University, Hungary. Her work focuses on the conceptualization of agency, in particular local agency, in (post-)conflict societies. During her doctoral studies she has been a visiting fellow at the University of Toronto, Canada, and the Institut für Europäische Politik in Berlin, Germany. She was also part of the team working on the Seventh Framework Programme project Cultures of Governance and Conflict Resolution in Europe and India. She has done extensive ethnographic research across Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and currently works with the Institute for Research and Social Innovation in Skopje, Macedonia. Ralph Sundberg holds a PhD and is a researcher in the Department for Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Sweden. He has also been a project manager within the UCDP since 2008. His current main interests are the subnational study of civil war and the social psychology of violence. Mikel Venhovens holds an MA degree in conflict studies and human rights from Utrecht University, the Netherlands. He has widely researched violent conflict in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, with a distinct focus on the concept of governmentality in relation to spatiality (national) identity formation and separatist conflicts. He has conducted field research in Latvia, Georgia and Abkhazia. Zala Volčič is a senior lecturer and researcher at the Centre for Critical and Cultural Studies, University of Queensland, Australia. In addition to her current research, which deals with the role of the media in the

xiv Notes on Contributors (commercial) construction of national identities, other projects include writings on media memories, public TV, social movements and media education. She has published five books and over 60 articles and book chapters on the role of the media in the Balkans, and she has edited a collection on transitional justice in the former Yugoslavia.