After School Review: Migrations in World History Causes of Migration in History -these are usually referred to as push and pull factors -will break them down by theme -also keep in mind that migration may be internal or international -rural to urban -region to region -country to country -1. Economic -people leave to search for better economic conditions or employment -urbanization attracts people in some cases -2. Demographic Issues -migration to escape overpopulation and its impacts -a good example of this is migration to suburbs -3. Environmental Issues -migration to escape poor climate conditions such as drought or weather issues -migration to escape natural disasters -4. Political Issues -escape wars, invasions, military takeover, etc. -commonly referred to as refugees -escape persecution on ethnic, political, religious, or other grounds -diasporas -escape persecution for crimes committed -punishment for crimes committed -Australia served as a penal colony for Britain -forced migration due to enslavement or human trafficking -5. Social and Cultural Issues -to spread religion -reunite with family, friends, or others who have migrated -to spread ideologies around such as Marxism or democracy -to find personal freedom or to live a certain lifestyle or hold certain beliefs -Pilgrims on the Mayflower for example
Impacts of Migrations 1. On immigrants -issues of identity emerge (where do my loyalties lie?) -issues of adaptation and assimilation (traditions tested) -differing cultural values between generations 2. On Host Country -economic impacts -immigrants are taking our jobs, driving down wages and are a burden -xenophobia 3. Effects on Home Country -money sent back home by workers -loss of revenue -families are left behind and traditional societies and structures threatened -population decrease and issues 4. Multi-National Issues - open border policies in the European Union -immigration policies that restrict the number of immigrants allowed in each ear -security issues -this has been especially important after 9/11 Examples of Migrations by Periodization -Periodization 1 (to 600 BCE) -1. Early Migrations -Out of Africa theory -humans originated in Africa around 200,000 years ago -eventually, humans left Africa around 60,000 yrs. ago -migrated to regions of Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas throughout the Paleolithic Period -this was done to follow food, due to overpopulation, and due to climate issues (end of Ice Age) -Beringia -this had a fairly large impact -humans adapted to their surroundings and began to develop things like fire -lived off of hunting and foraging as they traveled -hunted and gathered -humans were forced to expand their tool kit as they migrated to these new locations -began to construct shelters -humans were also forced to develop small kinship groups -humans of course began to populate the world
2. Indo-European/Aryan Migrations -time period: 2,000 BCE -who: nomadic people from the area of the Caucasus mountains (steppes of Eurasia) -reason: -domestication of horses in 2000 BCE allowed for groups to be more mobile -were also pastoralists -migrated to river valley regions in search of land and resources -areas migrated to: -mainly went into the region of India around 1500 BCE -impact -developed the foundations for classical Indian culture -developed the Vedic religion early on -basically an early form of Hinduism -developed the origins of the caste system -developed the importance of cattle in India -developed the basic political features of the region -3. Bantu Migrations -time period: starts in 1000 BCE and lasts until 500 CE -who: agricultural people from West Africa -reason for migration -historians are not entirely sure, but common suggested reasons are: -drought and famine in their region -worried about overcrowding and drought -population increase -attacks from other groups in West Africa -internal conflict -disease concerns -flooding and natural disasters -search for more fertile land -impact -went all over central, south, and east Africa -spread agriculture and metallurgy as they migrated -also spread their language to various regions -very important in world history that this happened
Periodization 2: Classical Period (600 BCE-600 CE) 1. Huns -time period: 300s to 400s CE -who: nomadic group of people from Eastern Europe and Central Asia -reasons for migration -wars of conquest -environmental concerns in Eastern Europe -area -went all over Europe and Asia -impact -heavily impacted Classical Empires -Huns were partially responsible for the fall of Rome, the Fall of Gupta India, and attacks into China -big figure of Atilla the Hun involved with this -2. Polynesian Migrations -time period: 1000 BCE to 400 CE -who: agricultural people in the region of Oceania -reasons for migration -exploration -areas for food growth -areas: -Pacific islands -reached the area of Hawaii by 400 CE -impact: -developed the Polynesian culture -culture based around 1,000 islands scattered across Oceania -wide range of languages and political systems developed -3. Jewish Diaspora -time period: C. 600 BCE -who: Jewish religion -reasons for migration -forced to due to invasions and war -Assyrians had invaded in 587 BCE and sacked Jerusalem -period known as the Babylonian Captivity -many forced to leave again in 70 CE when the Romans sacked Jerusalem -areas -Middle East, Asia, and Europe -most people displaced across the Persian Empire or into Europe -impact -spread of the Jewish belief system -eventually, many European groups looked down against the Jewish people -Anti-Semitism widespread and rampant
4. Religions -during the Classical Period, two major religions spread around -a. Buddhism -spread across India, Southeast Asia, and East Asia during the 500s BCE to 600s CE -spread through trade, such as the Silk Road network -heavily impacted areas it spread to -mixed in with local cultures and beliefs -new branches of the religion formed as well as it spread -Mahayana vs. Theravada Buddhism -Zen Buddhism in Japan -b. Christianity -spread across Europe -spread through trade and during the Pax Romana (300s-600 CE) -impact was big -developed the Roman Catholic Church -huge cultural impact on world history Post-Classical Period (600-1450) 1. Islam -heavily spread during the post-classical period -religion started in 632 CE under Muhammad -soon spread across the Middle East, into North Africa, into Spain, and into Asia -spread via trade and invasion mostly -had large impacts -creation of the Delhi Sultanate in India -became a majority religion in many locations -began to control trade in various areas -allowed for the diffusion of various ideas and technology as it spread -papermaking -new crops -ideas in math and science -dominated Indian Ocean trade system with the Dhow -began to control the Trans-Saharan trade -began to practice slavery in Africa -blending of cultures occurred -development of currency in some regions -preserved culture and knowledge of various cultures, which was a big factor for the Renaissance in Europe 2. Viking Migrations (800s-1100 CE) -Vikings began to emerge in the Scandinavia area in 800 CE -began to raid and take over various areas during this time -due to their knowledge of ocean currents and the design of the longship -impact -raided various locations -made voyages across the Atlantic -helped build trade in Europe
-probably founded Kievan Rus 3. Mongols -Mongols emerged in the 1100s around Central Asia -nomadic pastoralists -heavily built up by Genghis Khan -Mongols began to conquer various regions and incorporate them into their empire -made four khanates -Khanate of the Great Khan in China -Khanate of the Golden Horde -Chagadai Khanate -Ilkhanate -had large impacts -impacted the culture of each region they came in contact with -especially true in China -established their own traditions and ideas on the region -had large destructive impacts on populations and the environment in many locations -killed off people -did heavy damage to agricultural goods and products -turned farmland into pasture land -did establish the Pax Mongolica, which improved trade and made it faster -allowed for religious exchange to occur -technology exchange began to occur -did allow for the spread of the Black Death -assimilated in with Persian culture in the Middle East -established a tribute system in Russia 4. Polynesian Migrations -another wave of migrations started around 500 CE and lasted until around 1000 CE -used voyaging canoes to reach most of the Pacific Islands by 1000 CE -mixed with other cultures to create hybrid cultures across the entire region -biggest impact was environmental -radically altered ecosystems they came into contact with -introduced new animals and crops -pigs devastated crop species in areas they migrated to -best example was Hawaii -hunted many species to extinction -heavy deforestation occurred in many regions -began to have heavy population growth, which strained resources -biggest example of this was on Easter Island -deforestation destroyed soil fertility and food sources dried up -some speculate rats as you read earlier in the year
Early Modern Period (1450-1750) 1. European Colonization -major European countries began to go overseas and establish colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas -Portugal, Spain, England, France, and the Dutch Republic -as they established colonies, Europeans went with them -this was especially true for settler colonies like South Africa -some went for adventure, others to escape religious persecution, others were forced to through indentured servitude -had a huge impact -spread disease across the Americas -90% of Native Americans died off in the Great Dying from smallpox -introduced new animals -began to conquer native people -introduced Christianity into regions and tried to convert people -syncretic religions formed, such as cults of saints in Latin America -began to heavily control trade across multiple regions -began to establish their own governments and institutions in these regions -created a global trade network across the world -led to the creation of new elites, such as creoles in Latin America -individuals back in the Americas profited from this as well 2. Slave Trade -this should be obvious -lasted from c. 1500-1807 -forced migration of Africans to various locations in the Americas -led to huge impacts -syncretism in the Caribbean (voodoo religion) -mixture of culture beliefs in general happened in various areas -brought food types, such as rice with them -changed the racial make up of areas such as Brazil -led to discrimination and racial issues for centuries to come in various regions of the world -plantation systems used to fund world economy and expansion -this of course disrupted life back in Africa as well with European slave trade actions Periodization 5: Modern Era (1750-1900 CE) 1. Slave trade continued until the early 1800s 2. Indentured Servants -this began to replace the slave trade after it was abolished -became a source of cheap labor after the slave trade -brought in to various locations in the Americas, Africa, and Asia -also impacted people from India -Indians that owed debts were often transported to various colonies of European powers to work on sugar plantations -this happened until 1920
3. European Migrations -Europeans expanded on colonial migration with imperialism in the late 1800s -Europeans began to settle in imperial colonies -areas such as Algeria for the French or South Africa for the British -began to control these areas, especially the administrations -would lead to a variety of issues both during and after imperial control -urbanization -Europeans also began to move into cities in the 1800s -this was due to the attraction of new industrial jobs as well as overpopulation in some areas -population increase occurred due to new food sources from the Americas -led to the creation of the urban poor in many areas -led to slums and relatively crowded city conditions -this eventually led to public health reform and policies to assist the poor -big changes here occurred -European migrated in mass numbers to America in the 1800s -especially true after the Hungry Forties -Irish -Eastern Europeans -this led to attempts to restrict immigration in the United States with various immigration acts -also had the formation of ethnic enclaves like Little Italy -4. Forced Migrations -slavery still continued internally in many areas -Americas -Africa -convict labor -British used Australia as a penal colony for a good period of time -also had forced internal migration to labor camps in some regions, especially in the 20 th century -Native American groups -forced to leave homeland in the United States and head west to reservations -Trail of Tears in 1832 -forced removal of Cherokee people from the Southeast of the United States -5. Temporary and seasonal migrants -individuals that migrated to a certain area for seasonal work and then returned back home -example of this would be some of the diamond and gold mines established in Africa -people forced to migrate to the mine area and live in shanty towns for certain parts of the year -this led to a whole range of issues -family disruption back in the original area the people were from -poverty and other issues in shanty towns -racial segregation and issues in multiple regions
-6. Other voluntary migrations -Chinese laborers migrated to the west coast of the United States throughout the middle and later 1800s -many began to work on railroads or other industries -many moved into California -this led to a negative reaction, as the U.S. passed immigration laws prohibiting Chinese immigration -basically legal discrimination -U.S. had internal migration throughout the 1800s as many moved westward -due to population pressure and economic attractions like the gold rush in the 1940s Periodization 6: Contemporary (20 th century) -for this periodization, I am going to take a more big picture approach 1. Voluntary Migrations -people have continued throughout the 20 th century to migrate to areas like America -attracted by economic pursuits and the hope of a better life in some cases -have current day migrations into the U.S. from Latin American countries -individuals have migrated from former colonies back to the mother country after decolonization -hundreds of thousands from Algeria back to France -1. 4 million people from India to Britain -Islamic individuals have migrated into the area of Europe toward the end of the 20 th century -this has been facilitated by open borders by some EU countries -have had a lot of seasonal migration throughout the 20 th century as well to go to areas to farm and return profits back to the home country -had scientists migrate to the United States during and following WWII -this could be argued to be partially forced due to the events of the war -led to an increase in the amount of scientists in the U.S. and attempts by Europe to catch up -called the Brain Drain 2. Forced Migrations -have had dictatorships at various points force people into labor camps -gulags in the Soviet Union -re-education centers in Communist China and Cambodia -concentration camps with the Nazis -have had displacement of people due to decolonization issues -Israel and Palestine -India and Pakistan -global conflict has led to refugees from various wars -have had refugees from genocides such as the Holocaust, Cambodia, and Rwanda -have spilled over into other countries in the case of Rwanda -ethnic violence and wars have led to the displacement of people into new locations -WW2, Vietnam, and other war torn areas have experienced displaced persons being forced to move to new locations -Darfur is another example of displaced people from conflict
-Cold War caused some forced migration -people that felt economically disadvantaged and oppressed tried to escape from East Germany into West Berlin throughout the Cold War -after the collapse of the Berlin Wall and of communism, many people resettled to new areas -Impacts -perhaps the biggest impact has been the concerns over illegal immigration for many countries -biggest examples are the United States and EU -both countries have had the same concerns with this -security issues -job concerns -tradition concerns -both have had regularization programs or amnesty programs to grant citizenship to those that have come into the country -EU has especially had concerns as it is possible to freely go from country to country in the Eurozone -have had xenophobia and ultra nationalist groups -many have expressed fears or concerns t immigration -again, this has mainly been the United States and EU -groups claim that immigrants dilute the country s traditions -have had anti-immigration groups form or influences in political parties -Europe has experienced a lot of anti-muslim protests and actions -stems from concerns about Muslims overtaking Christianity as predominant religion -were riots from Muslim groups in Paris in 2005 over these views -have had discrimination and other actions taken against immigrant groups -final example of an impact are refugee camps that have been established in areas experiencing ethnic violence and conflict -have really seen this in Africa due to civil wars and other issues in the region such as Darfur