Immigration and Citizenship in an Enlarged European Union

Immigration and Citizenship in an Enlarged European Union

Palgrave Studies in Citizenship Transitions series Series Editors: Michele Michiletti is Lars Hierta Chair of Political Science at Stockholm University, Sweden; Ludvig Beckman is Professor of Political Science, Stockholm University, Sweden; David Owen is Professor of Social and Political Philosophy, University of Southampton, UK. The Editorial Board: Keith Banting (Queen s University, Canada), Rainer Baubock (European University Institute, Italy), Russell Dalton (University of California at Irving, USA), Avigail Eisenberg (University of Victoria, Canada), Nancy Fraser (The New School for Social Research, USA), David Jacobson (University of South Florida, USA) and Ariadne Vromen (The University of Sydney, Australia). This book series focuses on citizenship transitions encompassing contemporary transformations of citizenship as institution, status and practice as well as normative and explanatory analysis of these transformations and their cultural, social, economic and political implications. The series bridges theoretical and empirical debates on democracy, transnationalism, and citizenship that have been too insulated from each other. It takes citizenship transitions as its starting-point and studies the status, role and function of citizenship within contemporary democratic systems and multi-layered governance structures beyond the state. It aims to add a broader array of critical, conceptual, normative and empirical perspectives on the borders, territories, and political agents of citizenship. It scrutinizes the possibilities and challenges of citizenship in light of present broad processes of political fragmentation and pluralisation and the ways emerging ideals and expecta-tions of citizenship are inspired by new social, political and environmental movements. Its cross-disciplinary approach intends to capture the transitions of citizenship from an apparently simple relation between the state and its citizens into a cluster of complex responsibility claims and prac-tices that raise questions concerning citizenship borders and obligations, the public-private scope of citizenship, and even how political actors attempt to and in fact avoid citizenship. Titles include: Ludvig Beckman and Eva Erman (editors) TERRITORIES OF CITIZENSHIP Costica Dumbrava NATIONALITY, CITIZENSHIP AND ETHNO-CULTURAL BELONGING Preferential Membership Policies in Europe Karin Svedberg Helgesson and Ulrika Mörth (editors) THE POLITICAL ROLE OF CORPORATE CITIZENS An Interdisciplinary Approach Palgrave Studies in Citizenship Transitions series Series Standing Order ISBN 978 1 137 33137 3 You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Immigration and Citizenship in an Enlarged European Union The Political Dynamics of Intra-EU Mobility Simon McMahon

Simon McMahon 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-43391-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-49278-7 ISBN 978-1-137-43392-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9781137433923 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

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Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgements viii ix 1 Introduction: The Politics of Immigration and Citizenship in an Enlarging European Union 1 2 Defining Who Is Who in the Politics of Immigration 18 3 The Structural Context of Immigration to Italy and Spain 41 4 The National Politics of Immigration in Italy and Spain 65 5 The Local Politics of Immigration in Rome and Madrid 109 6 Intra-EU Migrant Politics in Italy and Spain 151 7 The Politics of the Roma in Italy and Spain 171 8 Conclusions: Becoming Citizens of an Expanding European Union 185 Appendices 194 Notes 200 References 203 Index 223 vii

List of Illustrations Figures 2.1 Modes of politics of immigration in an interest group political economy model 29 2.2 A research design for studying claims making in public debate 36 4.1 Eurobarometer Italian public opinion, 2003 2008 78 4.2 Eurobarometer Spanish public opinion, 2003 2012 94 4.3 Spanish data for which immigrant interviewees feel the least kindness ( menos simpatía ) 105 5.1 Elections for Mayor of Rome Council, 1993 2008 113 5.2 Election results for the three largest parties in the Madrid Assembly, 1983 2007 131 5.3 References of Romanian associations from Madrid in the newspapers El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Razón 141 Tables 1.1 Growth of Romanian immigration to Italy and Spain post-2000 8 3.1 Growth of legally resident Romanian immigration to Italy and Spain 56 4.1 Camera dei deputati debate on Romanians in Italy, 1987 2013 80 4.2 Congreso de los diputados debate on Romanians in Spain, 1989 2012 98 A.1 Candidates and votes, Romanian representatives in Rome, 2004 2006 194 A.2 Romanians in communal elections in the province of Rome 195 A.3 Romanian candidates for local elections in the Community of Madrid, 2007 196 A.4 Romanian candidates for local elections in the Community of Madrid, 2011 197 viii

Acknowledgements This book carries my name, but its completion would not have been possible without the support and help of others, from those willing to discuss its content and direction to others helping to clear my thoughts. The top of this list are my wife, my family and my friends who have been incredibly patient and encouraging, pushing me on in times of doubt and uncertainty. But the project would not have gone anywhere without the feedback, encouragement and support of a whole range of people within and beyond academia. My time at King s College London, the European University Institute and the Pompeu Fabra University put me in stimulating environments of academics from varied backgrounds who were willing to spend their time to offer me constructive feedback. In particular, Alex Clarkson and Leila Talani have both been incredibly helpful and supportive, showing me the importance of viewing problems through a wide lens of different perspectives. I am also indebted to (in no order of preference) Andrew Geddes, Eiko Thielemann Rainer Bauböck, Ricard Zapata-Barrero, Mario Diani, Jason Xidias, Roxana Barbulescu, Daniela Vintila, Marco Pacciotti, Giovanni Picker, Remus Gabriel Anghel, Flora Burchianti and Tom Semlyen, as well as innumerable friends and colleagues for offering their information, opinions, criticisms, time, energy, laughter and housing to me during these few years of research. Finally, I cannot forget the people who took time out from their lives to sit down with me and answer my questions. Some have become friends, others not, but this book is about all of them, and it would not have been the same without their generosity. ix