IMISCOE Research Series

IMISCOE Research Series

This series is the official book series of IMISCOE, the largest network of excellence on migration and diversity in the world. It comprises publications which present empirical and theoretical research on different aspects of international migration. The authors are all specialists, and the publications a rich source of information for researchers and others involved in international migration studies. The series is published under the editorial supervision of the IMISCOE Editorial Committee which includes leading scholars from all over Europe. The series, which contains more than eighty titles already, is internationally peer reviewed which ensures that the book published in this series continue to present excellent academic standards and scholarly quality. Most of the books are available open access. For information on how to submit a book proposal, please visit: http://www.imiscoe.org/publications/how-to-submit-a-book-proposal. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13502

Marie Louise Seeberg Elżbieta M. Goździak Editors Contested Childhoods: Growing up in Migrancy Migration, Governance, Identities

Editors Marie Louise Seeberg NOVA Oslo and Akershus University College Oslo Norway Elżbieta M. Goździak ISIM Georgetown University Washington, DC USA ISSN 2364-4087 ISSN 2364-4095 (electronic) IMISCOE Research Series ISBN 978-3-319-44608-0 ISBN 978-3-319-44610-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44610-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016948767 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016. This book is published open access. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 2.5 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

The original version of this book has been revised. For detailed information please see the erratum at 10.1007/978-3-319-44610-3_11

Acknowledgements This book is a product of the IMISCOE Research Group Contested Childhoods in Times of Crises, established in 2013. We would like to thank IMISCOE for supporting the establishment and for awarding seed funding to the group, and the Research Council of Norway for generous funding of our cooperation and activities. We would also like to express our appreciation of the whole IMISCOE network, which constitutes a most inspiring environment. IMISCOE has facilitated the publishing of this book through allocation of time slots to our group at the annual conferences and, of course, through editing the book series. At IMISCOE, we would especially like to thank the editorial committee for reviewing and accepting our book and managing editor Warda Belabas for her invariably patient and competent assistance. Our thanks also go to our employers, ISIM at Georgetown University and NOVA at Oslo and Akershus University College (HiOA), and to our colleagues at these two institutions for support and encouragement and for creating the necessary working conditions for the editing of this book. We are very grateful to the three anonymous external reviewers and to IMISCOE s internal reviewer for their thorough, challenging, and constructive comments on the manuscript. We would also like to thank research assistants Michael Sliwinski and Charles Jamieson for their thorough language editing and assistance. Finally, we extend our thanks to our co-creators of this book, the authors of the chapters to follow. Cooperating with you on this project has been a genuine pleasure. Oslo, Norway Washington, DC, USA June 2016 Marie Louise Seeberg Elżbieta M. Goździak vii

Contents 1 Contested Childhoods: Growing up in Migrancy... 1 Marie Louise Seeberg and Elżbieta M. Goździak Part I International Migration 2 Forced Victims or Willing Migrants? Contesting Assumptions About Child Trafficking... 23 Elżbieta M. Goździak 3 Child Refugees and National Boundaries... 43 Marie Louise Seeberg 4 South Sudanese Diaspora Children: Contested Notions of Childhood, Uprootedness, and Belonging Among Young Refugees in the U.S.... 61 Marisa O. Ensor Part II Governance 5 Lost Between Protective Regimes: Roma in the Norwegian State... 81 Ada I. Engebrigtsen 6 When Policy Meets Practice: A Study of Ethnic Community-Based Organizations for Children and Youth... 99 Marianne Takle and Guro Ødegård Part III Identities 7 Identity Development Among Youth of Vietnamese Descent in the Czech Republic... 121 Andrea Svobodová and Eva Janská ix

x Contents 8 Mixed Parentage: Negotiating Identity in Denmark... 139 Helene Bang Appel and Rashmi Singla 9 I Think of Myself as Norwegian, Although I Feel that I Am from Another Country. Children Constructing Ethnic Identity in Diverse Cultural Contexts in Oslo, Norway... 159 Mari Rysst 10 Looking Ahead: Contested Childhoods and Migrancy... 179 Elżbieta M. Goździak and Marie Louise Seeberg Erratum to: Contested Childhoods: Growing up in Migrancy... E1 Marie Louise Seeberg and Elżbieta M. Goździak Index... 189

Editors and Contributors About the Editors Marie Louise Seeberg is Research Professor at the Department of Childhood Studies and co-ordinates the Research Group on Migration and Transnationality at NOVA, Oslo, and Akershus University College. A social anthropologist, she has conducted fieldwork in a wide array of settings. In her Ph.D. thesis, she explored and compared the ways in which Dutch and Norwegian schools deal with ethnic and other differences. Her research topics also include the meanings of home and homeland among Vietnamese refugees in Norway, Swedish welfare institutions interactions with refugees from Vietnam, and conditions for asylum-seeking children in Norway. More recently, her research focuses on the immigration of care workers to Norway. From 2013, she has led the IMISCOE research cluster Contested Childhoods in times of Crises. Amongst her publications are The Holocaust as Active Memory: The Past in the Present (Ashgate Academic 2013, co-edited with Irene Levin and Claudia Lenz), Immigrant care workers and Norwegian gender equality: institutions, identities, intersections in the European Journal of Women s Studies (2012), and No Place: Small children in Norwegian asylum-seeker reception centres in Childhood A Global Journal of Child Research (with Cecilie Bagge and Truls Enger 2009). Elżbieta M. Goździak is Research Professor at the Institute for the Study of International Migration (ISIM) at Georgetown University, Washington D.C., and former editor of International Migration. In fall 2016 she is the George Soros Chair in Public Policy at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. Formerly, she held a senior position with the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. She has taught at the Howard University s School of Social Work and managed a programme area on admissions and resettlement of refugees in industrialized countries for the Refugee Policy Group (RPG). Prior to immigrating to the U.S., she was Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. xi

xii Editors and Contributors She is a recipient of several Fulbright grants to teach and conduct research in Poland, Thailand, and Indonesia as well as a residential fellowship at the Rockefeller Center in Bellagio, Italy. Current research projects include facilitating local integration of Central American children and adolescents in the United States; research on adults trafficked to the United States; and a study of returned victims of trafficking in Poland, Moldova, Nepal, and Thailand. Her book Trafficked Children and Youth in the United States: Reimagining Survivors (Rutgers University Press 2016) is the newest addition to her long list of publications. Forthcoming (with Marisa O. Ensor) is a new volume on Children and Forced Migration: Durable Solutions during Transient Years, sequel to their book Children and Migration. At the Crossroads of Resiliency and Vulnerability (Palgrave 2010). About the Contributors Helene Bang Appel is a lecturer at the Metropolitan University College in Copenhagen, Denmark. Her research and teaching focus on culture, language, pedagogy, and identity. She earned her MA in 2010 in English and Psychology from Roskilde University and her BA in Teaching from Zahle s Seminary, now a part of University College Capital (UCC) in Denmark, and worked for several years as a teacher. She has presented her research on Negotiating identity among children of mixed parentage at several international conferences. Ada I. Engebrigtsen social anthropologist, is Research Professor at the Department of Childhood Studies and part of the Research Group on Migration and Transnationality at NOVA, Oslo and Akershus University College. Her work focuses on migration, mobility and ethnic relations with a particular emphasis on relations between Somalis, Roma and the Norwegian society. She is a trained kindergarten teacher and was head of the kindergarten for Roma children in Oslo in the 1980s. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Oslo in 2000. Her doctoral research culminated in the book Exploring Gypsiness: Power, exchange and interdependence in a Transylvanian village (Berghahn Books 2007). Recently, she has been studying migrating Romanian Roma, their conditions in Norway, and their relations with the Norwegian public. She currently leads the Norwegian Network on the Anthropology of Mobilities. Among her publications are Culture, networks and social capital: Tamil and Somali immigrants in Norway (with Øivind Fuglerud, Ethnic and Racial Studies 2006), The child s or the state s best interests? An examination of the ways immigration officials work with unaccompanied asylum seeking minors in Norway (Child & Family Social Work 2003), and Relations between the State and ethnic minorities in Norway (Cultural Identities and Ethnic Minorities in Europe 1999). Marisa O. Ensor received her Ph.D. in Anthropology from the University of Florida, also holds a Masters of Law (LLM) in International Human Rights Law from the University of Essex, UK, and a certificate in Refugee Studies from the University of Oxford, UK. She is currently based at Georgetown University s

Editors and Contributors xiii Justice and Peace Program in Washington DC, and is a Research Associate at the International Institute for Child Rights and Development. Her current research focuses on the link between child protection, social cohesion and non-violent forms of conflict resolution in Burundi and Chad. She recently completed a study of youth s role in processes of transitional justice, peacebuilding and reconciliation in Northern Uganda and South Sudan. Dr. Ensor is the author of numerous publications on humanitarian crises and childhood issues, including the edited volumes African Childhoods: Education, Development and Peacebuilding in the Youngest Continent (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), Children and Migration: At the Crossroads of Resiliency and Vulnerability (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), with Elźbieta M. Goździak, and The Legacy of Hurricane Mitch: Lessons from Post-Disaster Reconstruction in Honduras (The University of Arizona Press, 2009). Eva Janská is Assistant Professor of Social and Regional Geography at the Faculty of Science and a member of the research team at Geographic Migration Centre (GEOMIGRACE), a research institute at the Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Charles University in Prague, the Czech Republic. Her research interests include various aspects of international migration, including labour and irregular migration, immigrant integration policies and processes in different European countries. She teaches courses on geographic aspects of international migration and integration of foreigners for master level students, and recently led the 3-year research project Migratory relations of foreigners (and majority) in the Czech Republic: concentration of diffusion processes? awarded funding by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic. Guro Ødegård holds a Ph.D. in Sociology and is Head of the Department of Youth Studies at NOVA, Oslo and Akershus University College. Her research interests include social and political integration among young people and ethnic minorities. Her doctoral dissertation from 2009 was titled Dejected youth? New political engagement in an old democracy. In recent years, she has evaluated the Norwegian trial in lowering the voting age to 16 years in the local election of 2011. Her areas of expertise also include civic engagement among young people in the aftermath of the terror attacks in Norway, July 22 2011, as well as young people and civil society, integration and social capital in multicultural communities. Mari Rysst holds an MA in Political Science and a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Oslo, Norway. Currently, she is Associate Professor at Lillehammer University College, and is leader of the Ph.D. programme Children and Youth Participation and Competence Development from August 2016. She also holds a part-time position as senior researcher at the National Institute for Consumer Research in Oslo. She has conducted research and published on children, youth and childhood, gender and body, migration, and consumer studies. She is presently working on a project looking at children and sports related to migration and integration.

xiv Editors and Contributors Rashmi Singla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Copenhagen and a M.Sc. from the University of Delhi. Currently, she is Associate Professor at the Department of Psychology & Educational Research at Roskilde University in Denmark. She is part of the NGO Transcultural Therapeutic Team for Ethnic Minority Youth and Families and participates in international projects about health, globalization, and contested childhoods. Her own migration from India to Denmark in 1980 has contributed to her academic interest in movements across borders, transnationalism and diaspora, family and peer relations, ethnicity, inclusion/exclusion processes and psychosocial intervention. Interplay between Eastern and Western Psychology such as meditation, yoga, organizational diversity management are also areas of interest. Her recent book Intermarriage and Mixed Parenting, Promoting Mental Health and Wellbeing: Crossover Love (Palgrave 2015) deals with ethnically intermarried couples and mixed parenting in relation to mental health and well-being. Andrea Svobodová, social anthropologist, is currently finishing her postgraduate study at Geographic Migration Centre (GEOMIGRACE), a research institute at the Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Charles University in Prague. In her Ph.D. project, she explores the questions related to the integration and identity of Vietnamese youth. Previously, she worked at the Integration Centre for Foreigners in Belgium, where she conducted research on refugee women. In the Czech Republic, she has also worked at the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs where she was responsible for the foreign nationals integration agenda. She is currently engaged in a project concerning online hate speech at the non-profit organization Multicultural Center Prague. Marianne Takle is Research Professor at the Department of Health and Welfare Studies at NOVA, Oslo and Akershus University College, and participates in NOVA s Research Group on Migration and Transnationality. She holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Oslo. Her research interests include European integration, EU migration policy, national migration policy in selected European countries, national identity, urban studies, immigrant organizations, and the integration of immigrants in the light of nationalism and cultural studies. She recently completed a 3-year postdoctoral project on how immigrant organizations in Oslo participate in local democracy.