WOMEN STRUGGLING TO ACHIEVE HIGHER EDUCATION AND CULTURAL COMPARISON OF PAKISTANI GIRLS STUDYING IN BRAZIL MULHERES QUE ALCANÇAM A EDUCAÇÃO SUPERIOR E A COMPARAÇÃO CULTURAL COM MENINAS PAKISTANESAS ESTUDANDO NO BRASIL Sabir Khan * Sajja Hussain ** Érica Rorigues o Nascimento Augustini *** Maria el Pilar Taboaa Sotomayor **** Celia Regina Rossi ***** ABSTRACT The aim of this stuy is to bring awareness to the struggles of higher eucation of Pakistani womens stuying in ifferent universities of Brazil. There were two preominate views about female eucation in Pakistan. One view was in the favor of female eucation, where parents were eucating their chilren regarless of their gener. The other view was not in favor of female eucation, but those who hel this view never oppose other people in their view to eucate their chil. The results inicate that parental expectations, experience with eucation system an culture, socioeconomic status an gener ynamics within family, an gener ynamics within eucation affecte the participants of this stuy in a significant way. The quantitative ata inicate to the researcher that Pakistani girls stuying in Brazil hols a high regar an respect for parental expectations eucation system an culture. Specifically, Pakistani women reporte positive attitues about the Brazilian eucation system an culture. In comparison, more than 80 % of Pakistani women strongly supporte the higher eucation system in Brazil. Inconsistencies with attitues towar Pakistani eucation system are ue to inequalities an access to eucation. Participants in this stuy strongly favore that their gener oes not efine their performance in eucation. Keywors: Community. Female Stuents. Higher Eucation. RESUMO O objetivo este estuo é trazer a consciência para as lutas e ensino superior e mulheres paquistanesas que estuam em iferentes universiaes o Brasil. Havia ois preominantes pontos e vista sobre a eucação feminina no Paquistão. Uma era a favor a eucação feminina, one os pais buscavam eucar as crianças inepenentemente o * Faculty of Material Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara-SP, Brazil. ** Instituto e Química e São Carlos. Universiae e São Paulo USP. sajja@iqsc.us.br *** Faculae e Filosofia, Ciências e Letras e Ibitinga FAIBI. ericaaugustini@yahoo.com.br **** Universiae Estaual Paulista Júlio e Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Faculae e Ciências e Letras, Programa e Pós-grauação em Eucação Escolar - Araraquara (SP), Brasil. sabir_chemist@yahoo.com ***** Instituto e Biociências a Universiae Estaual Paulista UNESP. Campus e Rio Claro. cregggina@gmail.com
sexo. A outra visão não era a favor a eucação feminina, mas aqueles que tinham essa opinião não se opunham à opinião iferente e outras pessoas. Os resultaos inicaram que as expectativas os pais, a experiência com o sistema e eucação e cultura, situação socioeconômica e inâmica e gênero entro a família, e inâmicas e género na eucação afetaram os participantes este estuo e forma significativa. Os aos quantitativos inicaram que as mulheres paquistanesas relataram atitues positivas sobre o sistema e eucação e cultura brasileiro, mais e 80% as mulheres paquistanesas apoiaram fortemente o sistema e ensino superior no Brasil. Inconsistências com atitues em relação ao sistema eucacional paquistanês são evio à esigualaes e acesso à eucação, causano ispariaes e esigualaes na eucação as mulheres. Os participantes também afirmaram que o sexo não efine o esempenho na eucação. Palavras-chave: Comuniae. Estuantes o Sexo Feminino. Ensino Superior. Introuction Eucation in Pakistan is overseen by the Ministry of Eucation of the Government of Pakistan as well as the provincial governments, whereas the feeral government mostly assists in curriculum evelopment, accreitation an in the financing of research an evelopment(ghazi, Ali, Khan, Hussain, & Fatima, 2010).(A. Parveen, K. Rashi, M.Z.Iqbal, 2011)(Lyn, 2007). It is obvious that eucation plays a key role in the evelopment of a nation. It is a prerequisite for evelopment an countries aroun the worl have focuse on eucation (Jacob Kola, 2013)(Shangooyin & Lasisi, 2011). Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in South Asia especially female literacy rate. In a patriarchal society like Pakistan, women s status is of a seconary nature in comparison to their male counterpart. In Human evelopment Report, Pakistan is at 136th position because its 49.9% population comes uner the efinition of eucation. The ropout rate is high at the primary level. We may be conclusive about the groun reality that people in the 6th largest country of the worl population have no access to the basic eucation even (K.Rshi, 2012)( Government of Pakistan Ministry of Eucation Curriculum Wing, 2006). Though the patriarchal structure is not uniform across the whole country, in general, society is male-ominate. In South Asia, Pakistan is the country with the wiest gener gap in eucation an iscrimination against women that continues to persist in all walks of life. Gener imbalance in Pakistani society shows the many ways in which women are at a isavantage an ineffective laws fail to bring change in eucation(malik & Courtney, 2011). 52 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59
The Taliban have their roots in the Pashtun society an is a military force which rule Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001, when the Unite States overthrew their government after the Twin Towers attack. The Taliban starte a military resistance against them within Afghanistan an later on they sprea their military activities to Pakistan as well. While ruling in Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 the Taliban have been forcing people to follow the Islamic rules an they even treate women more harshly as compare to men to follow the cultural laws of Islam. It was mae obligatory for men to grow bears an women were not allowe to work outsie the home. They were not even allowe to come out of their homes without a male member of the family. The Taliban religious police use to give severe punishment on isobeying the moral orers, incluing public executions, amputation an stoning (R. Ahma, 2000)(D, Cortright, 2010)(E.R POVEY, 2007). In Pakistan the Taliban have been involve in military activities to enforce their ieology. In 2008 they took full military control in Swat istrict. Women s eucation was banne an they were not even allowe to come out of their homes without a veil an only when a male member of the househol was present. Accoring to a UNESCO publication, the Taliban are totally against girls eucation. They orere in mosques an on illegal raio stations the closure of all girls schools an set a ealine of 15 January in 2009. They warne the people that if any school continue to provie classes for girls, the school woul be blown up, an if any girl came out of home for school attenance, she woul be attacke like in Afghanistan, where aci ha been thrown in the girls faces (M.Yousafzai, 2013) (P.Pirzao, 2006)(UNESCO, 2010)(S. Shah, 2012). This stuy focuses on iscovering the ieology of Pakistani women stuying higher eucation in the ifferent areas of eucation in Brazil especially in science subjects. Methoology The ata were collecte from female Pakistani stuents stuying in various state of Brazil. The stuy is a blen of qualitative an quantitative investigation more relie upon the seconary ata sources. The stuy was conucte in Sao Carlos,, Sao Paulo, Florianopolis regions of Brazil. Survey approach was consiere appropriate for ata collection an 11 female stuents, 53 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59
were selecte. The conversation has a tilt towars some questions about the Brazilians culture an eucation configuration. It is a pointe out the quality of eucation, culture, communities an society ethically committe, for their evelopment objectives. Purpose of the Stuy Empowerment of women is a vital aspect of gener equity. A woman is sai to be empowere if she is provie free access to; material resources, ecent employment, political ecision making, free choices, enjoy her legal rights, health facilities, an quality eucation. For a goo research, it is always essential to gather information from both primary an seconary sources. For this research stuy seconary sources were use to collect ata. The purpose of this stuy is to compare Pakistani women s struggles in achieving higher eucation in ifferent universities of Brazil. Moreover, the stuy will measure the influence of social construction of gener, parental expectations, socioeconomic status, culture, an gener ynamics within family an eucation of Pakistani women in pursuit of their eucational goals. The ate were Collecte from the Pakistani girls stuying in the ifferent university of Brazil like State university of, University of Sao Paulo, Feral university of Santa Catrina an then ata were analyze. The ata were collecte from the 11 Pakistani girls in whom most of them belong to the northern area of the Pakistan. The ages of the of Girls from whom ata was collecte in the range from a minimum of 24 years to a maximum of 32 years, so that the sample has an average age of 28.6 years an stanar eviation is (SD = 2.14) as shown in the table 1. Age Table 1. Descriptive statistics of the Female age Total Minimum Maximum Mean SD number 11 24 35 28.6 2.14 54 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59
Table 2 shows the organize age group in which 18.18% of them between 24-26 years of age, 27.27% are between 27-28 years of age, 36.36% is among the 29- years, 18.18% between 31-32 years ol. Table 2. Analysis of counting age an percentage of sample intervals 24-26 year 27-28 29-31-32 Total Number 02 03 04 02 11 %age 18.18 27.27 36.36 18.18 100 Table 3 shows the etail escription of the Pakistani girls living in Brazil for obtaining their higher eucation in ifferent science subject. The further etail are given the the table 3. S.N o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Participan t Asma Rehman Marriam amin Nahi Bibi Rashia Parveen Saima Gul Fozia Rehman Suriyya Manzoor Najma Naz Sabiha Khanam Table 3. Detail escription of the Pakistani girls Ag e 24-24- 28 32 University USP Sao Carlos USP Sao Carlos USP Sao Carlos UFSC Florinapoli s UFSC Florinapoli s Marital status Level of Eucatio n Occupatio n Marrie phd Stuent Marrie phd Stuent Living Single phd stuent alone Marrie phd Stuent Marrie phd Professor Family Unmarrie phd Professor Family Singles phd Professor Family Marrie phd stuent Single phd Stuent Family 55 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59
10 11 Almas Taj Awan Huma Asif USP Sao Paulo Single PhD PosDoc Alone Marrie PhD For seconary ata, the author use internet, interview, personal visits etc. Some Important questions were aske from the Pakistani girls as shown in the table 4. Table 4. Questions aske from the Girls of Pakistan Number Questions 1 How you look the women in Brazil 2 The women here are very ifferent from your country 3 Can you name some of the major ifferences 4 Do you min something in women in Brazil. 5 You can name the major annoyances. 6 What o you think of the relationship between the female an the male in Brazil 7 How it relates with men in Brazil 8 coul point out qualities of Brazilian women regaring their rights, struggles an searches 9 What you say about women in Brazil Finings The stuy reveale that female stuents have great motivation to atten Higher Eucation. Almost all stuents have esire for Higher Eucation but ue to financial an culture problems they o not reach the esire goal. Brazil is a lan wiely associate with frienship culture an eucation eveloptment). The love of color, music an vitality are true of all Brazilians an especially with the women here. 1. Brazilian women are frienly, more liberal, funny, worker an outgoing in nature. They have a significant role in the work that takes in the evelopment of a country's system. Women are more confient about their looks an boies an if you like what you see, they will welcome your appreciation as well. The Female in Brazil live more inepenently as compare to the female of my country where most of the females are epenent upon their families for foo, shelter an eucation etc. 56 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59
2. Brazilian Women are very ifferent in sociocultural factors. The women here have easer choices compare with Pakistani an Asian women. But it may cost some time for Brazilian women outsie the country where the environment is not so much frienly for them as compare with the culture of Brazil. Approximately 70-80% Brazilian females are workers while women in my country are mostly house wives to take care of their chilren s, husban an other family members. The women of my Pakistan especially in the northern area are more reserve an have a little ifferent vision of life an mostly caring of their husbans an families members. They are with their parents an marry only the permission of family. Here in Brazil there is also Preference in arrange marriage by both sie of family. 3. Many things are similar among women worlwie, like clothes an fashion style but there are some ifferences between them, epening on the culture an society stanars an fashion style which are completely ifferent. Some of the major ifferences are a) Women in Brazil are more liberal as compare with Pakistan b) Women in Brazil have a ifferent family vision. c) Religious ) appearance 4. No, almost all the female in Brazil are very frienly, gorgeous, ambitious an close to their families. 5. But sometimes, they (not all) speak possitive about my culture an country an mostly the Brazilin girls rink alcohol which are strictly prohibite in my religion as well as in the culture. 6. The relationship among male an female in Brazil are usually base on frienships an they harly believes on proper marriage an their commitments for living relationship is not so long. 7. The plus point is that in Brazil men are not ominant over women. Both have given equal rights when compare to my country which has male ominancy. Although, Brazilian men usually are not so committe in living relationship. They never believe in proper marriage, just concentrate on his own life an rinking too much alcohol. 8. No nation can rise to the height of glory unless their women are sie by sie with 57 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59
you; Brazilian women work in every fiel to fin their freeom an rights. They have equally contribute their contribution to the economy an welfare of the country. They are more inepenent an can take care better of your family an chilren 9. Brazilian women are very frienly an outgoing in nature, responsive an easy to give. They are inepenent an careful. They work to care for their chilren. If a girl happens to spot you in a bar or coffe an you meet her stanars, she will not hesitate to come up an ask you for your phone number or invite you to buy a rink for her. Blesse with lustrous hair, ark eyes an skin the color of honey Brazilian women are without oubt, are some of the most gorgeous in the worl. They are very ambitious, The survey conucte by the New York-base non- profit research group, Center for Work-Life Policy shows that at least 80 percent of collegeeucate Brazilian women aspire to top-level positions in the corporate sector, compare with 52 percent in the U.S., an 59 percent of Brazilian women consier themselves very ambitious," compare with 36 percent in the Unite stats. Conclusion Eucation provies the bases for socio-economic evelopment. An eucational system of Poor quality may be one of the most important reasons for not growing the economy of poor countries. In Brazil, the quality of higher eucation especially in science subjects is growing well. The stuy reveale that female stuents from all over the worl especially from Pakistan northern areas where the female eucation is very rare have great motivation to atten the higher level of eucation in Brazil. The Pakistani girls having positive response on the Brazil higher eucation system as well as the female of Brazilin, except some cultural an social issue. References A. Parveen, K. Rashi, M.Z.Iqbal, S. K. (2011). System an Reforms of Higher Eucation in Pakistan. International Journal of Business an Social Science, 02(20), 260 267. D, Cortright, S. S. P. (2010). Afghan Women Speak Enhancing Security an Human Rights in Afghanistan. E.R POVEY. (2007). Afghan Women IDENTITY AND INVASION. 58 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59
Ghazi, S. R., Ali, R., Khan, M. S., Hussain, S., & Fatima, Z. T. (2010). Causes Of The Decline Of Eucation In Pakistan An Its Remeies. Journal of College Teaching & Learning (TLC), 7(8). http://oi.org/10.190/tlc.v7i8.139 Government of Pakistan Ministry of Eucation Curriculum Wing. (2006). In in pursuance of the ecisions taken in the Inter-Provincial Eucation Ministers conference hel on 22n January, 2006 in Islamaba (pp. 1 13). Jacob Kola, A. (2013). Importance of Science Eucation to National Development an Problems Militating Against Its Development. American Journal of Eucational Research, 1(7), 225 229. http://oi.org/10.12691/eucation-1-7-2 K.Rshi, S. M. (2012). Eucation in Pakistan: Problems an their Solutions. Nternational Journal of Acaemic Research in Business an Social Sciences, 2(11), 332 343. Lyn, D. (2007). The Eucation System in Pakistan. M.Yousafzai. (2013). I AM MALALA The Girl Who Stoo Up for Eucation an was Shot by the Taliban. Malik, S., & Courtney, K. (2011). Higher eucation an women s empowerment in Pakistan. Gener an Eucation, 23(1), 29 45. http://oi.org/10.1080/09540251003674071 P.Pirzao. (2006). Exclusion of girls from eucation in rural Pakistan. EENET Asia Newsletter, 02, 24 25. R. Ahma. (2000). Taliban : militant Islam, oil, an funamentalism in Central Asia. S. Shah, U. S. (2012). No Title. International Journal of Sociology of Eucation, 1(2), 181 200. http://oi.org/10.4471/rise.2012.10 Shangooyin, D. K., & Lasisi, T. A. (2011). The Role of Statistics in National Development with Reference to Botswana an Nigeria Statistical Systems. Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(3). http://oi.org/10.5539/js.v4n3p131 UNESCO. (2010). Eucation uner Attack. Unite Nations Eucational, Scientific an Cultural Organization 7, place e Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France. 59 Trilhas Peagógicas, v. 8, n. 2, Ago. 2018, p. 51-59