Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy Series Editors Ted G. Jelen Political Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas Nevada, USA Mark J. Rozell School of Policy, Goverment & International Affairs George Mason University Virginia, USA
A generation ago, many social scientists regarded religion as an anachronism, whose social, economic, and political importance would inevitably wane and disappear in the face of the inexorable forces of modernity. Of course, nothing of the sort has occurred; indeed, the public role of religion is resurgent in US domestic politics, in other nations, and in the international arena. Today, religion is widely acknowledged to be a key variable in candidate nominations, platforms, and elections; it is recognized as a major influence on domestic and foreign policies. National religious movements as diverse as the Christian Right in the United States and the Taliban in Afghanistan are important factors in the internal politics of particular nations. Moreover, such transnational religious actors as Al-Qaida, Falun Gong, and the Vatican have had important effects on the politics and policies of nations around the world. Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy serves a growing niche in the discipline of political science. This subfield has proliferated rapidly during the past two decades, and has generated an enormous amount of scholarly studies and journalistic coverage. In 2006, the journal Politics and Religion was created; in addition, works relating to religion and politics have been the subject of many articles in more general academic journals. The number of books and monographs on religion and politics has increased tremendously. In the past, many social scientists dismissed religion as a key variable in politics and government. This series casts a broad net over the subfield, providing opportunities for scholars at all levels to publish their works with Palgrave. The series publishes monographs in all subfields of political science, including American Politics, Public Policy, Public Law, Comparative Politics, International Relations, and Political Theory. The principal focus of the series is the public role of religion. Religion is construed broadly to include public opinion, religious institutions, and the legal frameworks under which religious politics are practiced. The dependent variable in which we are interested is politics, defined broadly to include analyses of the public sources and consequences of religious belief and behavior. These would include matters of public policy, as well as variations in the practice of political life. We welcome a diverse range of methodological perspectives, provided that the approaches taken are intellectually rigorous. The series does not deal with works of theology, in that arguments about the validity or utility of religious beliefs are not a part of the series focus. Similarly, the authors of works about the private or personal
consequences of religious belief and behavior, such as personal happiness, mental health, or family dysfunction, should seek other outlets for their writings. Although historical perspectives can often illuminate our understanding of modern political phenomena, our focus in the Religion, Politics, and Policy series is on the relationship between the sacred and the political in contemporary societies. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14594
Sabrina P. Ramet Irena Borowik Editors Religion, Politics, and Values in Poland Continuity and Change Since 1989
Editors Sabrina P. Ramet Sociology & Political Science NTNU Trondheim, Norway Irena Borowik Institute of Sociology Jagiellonian University Krakow, Poland Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy ISBN 978-1-137-44833-0 ISBN 978-1-137-43751-8 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-43751-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956210 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image Sabrina P. Ramet Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York
For Jerry Pankhurst and In memory of Tadeusz Doktór
PREF ACE The year 1989 saw a tectonic shift in Central and South-Eastern Europe, as the communist organisational monopoly imploded and alternative political parties emerged. Freedom of association was restored, direct political control over the media ended (being replaced in some cases by indirect control, typically through government funding for advertising), the economies were privatised, and the communists policy of restricting, manipulating, and endeavouring to erode religion came to an end. Although local religious entrepreneurs and foreign missionaries did their best to take advantage of the new situation, the dominant religious institutions whether Catholic or Orthodox acquired new strength and, in some cases (including Poland), forged collaborative ties with certain political parties. The Catholic Church in Poland is a particularly interesting case because trends which one may discern elsewhere in the region (such as the restoration to the Church of properties confiscated by the communists, the Church s campaign against contraception and abortion, and the introduction of Catholic religious instruction into the public schools) either developed faster than elsewhere or have been more strongly marked. Nowhere else in post-socialist Europe is the Catholic Church stronger than in Poland, in spite of revelations about the collaboration of certain bishops and ordinary clergy with the communist secret police, and in spite of revelations about certain sexual improprieties committed by some Catholic clergy not only outside Poland, but also within Poland. Yet, in spite of the strong interest in the Catholic Church in Poland, there has been no volume which focuses on the role of and challenges faced by that ix
x PREFACE religious body in the years since 1989. This volume will fill that void and will complement Sabrina P. Ramet s Catholic Church in Polish History (in production with Palgrave), which covers the entire story since 966. The chapters assembled herein were presented at a conference held on 25 26 September 2015, in Trondheim, Norway. We are grateful to Marit Reitan, Dean of the Faculty, for providing funding in support of the conference, and to Siniša Zrinščak, who served as conference discussant. Sabrina P. Ramet Irena Borowik
CONTENTS 1 Sources of the Strength of the Church in Poland: An Introduction 1 Sabrina P. Ramet Part I The Politics of Religion Since 1989 17 2 Controversies in the Social and Political Engagement of the Catholic Church in Poland Since 1988 19 Sabrina P. Ramet 3 The Many Faces of John Paul II 41 Stanisław Obirek 4 The Roman Catholic Church in Poland vis-à- vis Europe and the Processes of European Integration. Three Pictures of Europe 61 Katarzyna Leszczyńska 5 Radio Maryja and Fr. Rydzyk as a Creator of the National-Catholic Ideology 85 Ireneusz Krzemiński xi
xii CONTENTS 6 A War on Gender? The Roman Catholic Church s Discourse on Gender in Poland 113 Anna Szwed and Katarzyna Zielińska 7 The Politics of Religious Education in Poland After 1990 137 Marcin K. Zwierżdżyński 8 Religious Minorities in Contemporary Poland 161 Zbigniew Pasek Part II Values and Attitudes Today 183 9 Religion in Poland Between Tradition and Modernity, or Religious Continuity and Change in Conditions of Transformation 185 Irena Borowik 10 The Public Engagement of the Catholic Church in Polish Society 209 Janusz Mariański 11 Polish Religious Values as Reflected in the European Values Study 231 Mirosława Marody and Sławomir Mandes 12 Religiosity, the Catholic Church, and Politics in Poland 257 Mirosława Grabowska 13 Visible Religion, Invisible Ethics 289 Wojciech Pawlik
CONTENTS xiii 14 Religion, Politics, and Social Attitudes in Transforming Poland: A Conclusion 313 Irena Borowik About the Editors 325 About the Contributors 327 Further Reading 331 Index 333
LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 11.1 The number of births and baptisms in 1969 1988 234 Fig. 11.2 The change of the mass attendance (1990, 1999, 2008) 239 Fig. 11.3 Changes in church-related religiosity (1990, 1999, 2008) 239 Fig. 11.4 The change of importance of religion in the context of other spheres (1990, 1999, 2008.) 240 Fig. 11.5 The change in importance of religion in small and big towns (1990, 1999, 2008.) 241 Fig. 12.1 Assessments of the Roman Catholic Church, 1989 2014 (%) 261 Fig. 13.1 Transformation of historical forms of ethics 308 xv
LIST OF TABLES Table 5.1 Listenership of Radio Maryja and anti-semitism indicator, 2012, in % 99 Table 5.2 Listenership of Radio Maryja, anti-semitism, and view of the Church s privileged position, 2012 102 Table 7.1 Religious and secular legitimations of positions from the beginning of the 1990s on the issue of the return of religion to schools 139 Table 7.2 CBOS research from the years 1991 to 2008 on public opinion on the teaching of religion in schools 149 Table 11.1 Changes of selected indicators of religiosity 236 Table 11.2 Changes in basic beliefs 237 Table 11.3 Change of trust in the church (%) 238 Table 11.4 Religion as a comfort and strength 241 Table 11.5 Correlation of selected values with religion 242 Table 11.6 Statements about truthfulness of religion 244 Table 11.7 The importance of ingredient elements for national identity 245 Table 11.8 Correlation between elements of national identity and individual and church-related religiosity 245 Table 11.9 Religion and politics 246 Table 12.1 Dependent variable: Index of electoral turnout in three elections in 2005 (0 3) 266 Table 12.2 Dependent variable: Index of electoral turnout in two elections in 2007 (0 2) 266 Table 12.3 Dependent variable: Index of electoral turnout in three elections in 2010 (0 3) 267 xvii
xviii LIST OF TABLES Table 12.4 Dependent variable: Index of electoral turnout in two elections in 2011 (0 2) 267 Table 12.5 Dependent variable: Index of electoral turnout in two elections in 2015 (0 2) 268 Table 12.6 The influence of church attendance on voting for a candidate in the first round of the presidential elections 271 Table 12.7 The influence of church attendance on voting for a party in the parliamentary elections 272 Table 12.8 Voted for PO (civic platform) in 2007 280 Table 12.9 Voted for PiS (law and justice) in 2007 281 Table 12.10 Voted for LiD (left and democrats) in 2007 282 Table 12.11 Voted for Bronisław Komorowski in 2010 283 Table 12.12 Voted for Jarosław Kaczyński in 2010 284 Table 12.13 Voted for PO (civic platform) in 2011 285 Table 12.14 Voted for PiS (law and justice) in 2011 286 Table 12.15 Voted for Andrzej Duda in 2015 287 Table 12.16 Voted for Bronisław Komorowski in 2015 288