Table of Contents. Table of Cases... TC-1 Introduction...INT-1 CHAPTER 1

Table of Contents Table of Cases... TC-1 Introduction...INT-1 CHAPTER 1 Commission of the Alleged Offence Contents.... 1-i 1.1 Overview... 1-1 1.2 Statutory Interpretation... 1-2 1.2.1 Overview.... 1-2 1.2.2 How to: An Approach to Statutory Interpretation.... 1-2 1.2.3 Definition Sections... 1-5 1.2.4 General Rules of Statutory Interpretation in Criminal Matters.... 1-5 (A) Principle of Legality.... 1-5 (B) Strict Construction.... 1-6 1.2.5 Sections 8 and 9 of the Criminal Code.... 1-8 (A) No Common Law or Non-Canadian Offences.... 1-8 (B) Common Law Justifications, Excuses or Defences s. 8(3).... 1-8 1.2.6 Constitutional Compliance Does the Section Comply?... 1-8 1.2.7 What are the Applicable Rules of Evidence and Procedure?... 1-8 1.2.8 Looking Forward and Looking Back Transitional Rules... 1-9 (A) Changing the Rules.... 1-9 (B) Interpretive Presumptions...1-10 (C) Applying the Interpretive Presumptions...1-11 1.3 Elements of the Offence: The Act and Fault Requirements....1-12 1.3.1 Overview...1-12 1.3.2 What Must be Proven?....1-13 (A) Overview....1-13 (B) Basic Principles of Criminal Liability....1-14 (C) Why Require an Act?....1-14 (D) Why Require Fault?....1-14 1.3.3 The Act...1-15 (A) An Act....1-15 (a) Possession...1-15 (b) Consent...1-19 (B) Omissions....1-24.4 CONTS-1 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 5)

(a) Overview... 1-24.4 (b) Where is the Duty?... 1-24.4 (c) Canadian Examples... 1-24.5 (d) Nature of the Duty under ss. 216 and 217... 1-24.5 (e) Reciprocal Duty... 1-24.6 (f) Necessaries of Life s. 215... 1-24.6 (C) By a Person of Capacity... 1-24.7 (D) Voluntary... 1-24.7 (E) Causation... 1-24.8 (a) How to: Approach a Causation Issue... 1-24.8 (b) General Principles... 1-24.9 (c) Murder: A Different Test?... 1-24.10 (d) Constitutional Considerations... 1-24.11 1.3.4 The Fault Element... 1-24.13 (A) Overview... 1-24.13 (B) Summarizing the Fault Requirement...1-26 (C) How to: Identify the Fault Element: For Regulatory (Not Code or CDSA) Offences...1-28 (D) How to: Identify the Fault Element for Criminal and CDSA Offences...1-29 (E) Outline of the Degrees of Fault...1-30 (a) Overview...1-30 (b) Intention...1-31 (c) Knowledge... 1-34.1 (d) Wilful Blindness... 1-34.2 (e) Recklessness... 1-34.3 (f) Criminal Negligence... 1-34.4 (g) Predicate Offences... 1-34.7 1.3.5 Mistakes of Fact and Law... 1-34.8 (A) Overview... 1-34.8 (B) Mistake of Fact or Mistake of Law?...1-35 (C) Mistake of Fact...1-35 (a) Ignorance vs. Mistake...1-35 (b) How do They Operate?...1-35 (c) Are They Relevant?...1-36 (d) Subjective vs. Objective...1-36 (e) Who Proves the Mistaken Belief?...1-36 (f) How Mistaken Must the Belief Be?...1-37 (D) Problem Area: Assault/Sexual Assault...1-38 (a) Overview...1-38 (b) How to: Code s. 265(4) Mistaken Belief in Consent...1-38 (c) Restriction on Mistaken Belief Defence: Sexual Assault Cases...1-40 CONTS-2

(d) Fraud Vitiating Consent to Sexual Activity ss. 265(3)(c) and 273(1)...1-41 (e) Defence of Consent in Cases of Assault Causing Bodily Harm... 1-42.1 (E) Mistake of Law... 1-42.3 (a) General Rule: Section 19... 1-42.3 (b) Statutory Exceptions... 1-42.3 (c) Officially Induced Error... 1-42.4 1.4 The Scope of Criminal Liability... 1-42.5 1.4.1 How can a Person be Criminally Responsible?... 1-42.5 (A) Overview... 1-42.5 (B) Principal or Party... 1-42.6 (a) Overview... 1-42.6 (b) Liability as a Party: Is Being There Enough?... 1-42.6 (c) The Innocent Agent: It s Not My Dog!... 1-42.7 (d) Does the Accused Need to Know What Offence the Principal is Committing?... 1-42.7 (e) Voluntary Intoxication: Does It Have an Expanded (f) Application Under s. 21(1)?... 1-42.8 Can the Party be Convicted of a More Serious Offence Than the Principal?... 1-42.8 (g) Corporate Party Liability... 1-42.8 (h) Can a Person Be a Party to a Conspiracy?... 1-42.8 (i) Co-Principals... 1-42.10 (j) Separate Charges: Principal or Party... 1-42.12 (k) The Defence of Duress for Parties to Murder... 1-42.12 (C) Section 21(1)(b) Aiding: Highlights... 1-42.13 (D) Section 21(1)(c) Abetting: Highlights... 1-42.15 (E) Section 21(2) Intention in Common... 1-42.15 (a) Approach to Applying s. 21(2)... 1-42.15 (b) Charter Concerns... 1-42.17 (F) Counselling Section 22... 1-42.19 (G) Accessory After the Fact Section 23... 1-42.20 (H) Section 23.1 Liability Where One Party Cannot be Convicted...1-43 (I) Conspiracy...1-44 (a) Overview...1-44 (b) Elements of the Offence...1-44 (c) Proving the Conspiracy...1-46 (J) Criminal Organization s. 467.1...1-47 1.4.2 What Can an Accused be Convicted Of?...1-49 (A) Overview...1-49 (B) Included Offences...1-49 CONTS-3 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

(a) Overview...1-49 (b) Principles...1-49 (C) Attempts...1-50 (a) Overview...1-50 (b) Attempt vs. Mere Preparation...1-51 (c) Attempting the Impossible...1-51 (d) Specific Intent Offence...1-52 (D) Section 606(4) Offence Arising Out of the Same Transaction...1-52 (E) Rule Against Inconsistent Verdicts...1-53 (F) Rule Against Multiple Convictions...1-53 1.5 Justifications, Excuses and Defences: An Overview...1-53 1.5.1 Overview...1-53 1.5.2 Section 8(3)...1-54 1.5.3 How to: Raise a Justification, Excuse or Defence... 1-54.1 1.5.4 Air of Reality... 1-54.3 1.6 Selected Justifications, Excuses and Defences... 1-54.5 1.6.1 Overview... 1-54.5 1.6.2 Abuse of Process... 1-54.5 (A) Overview... 1-54.5 (B) How to: Raise Abuse of Process...1-55 1.6.3 Alibi...1-55 (A) Overview...1-55 (B) The Principles...1-56 (C) How to: Raise an Alibi...1-56 1.6.4 Colour of Right...1-57 1.6.5 Consent/Mistaken Belief in Consent...1-58 1.6.6 Duress...1-58 (A) Overview...1-58 (B) The Principles (from the Key Cases)...1-60 (a) Common Law... 1-60.4 (b) Code ss. 17 and 18... 1-60.7 (C) How to: Raising Duress... 1-60.8 1.6.7 Entrapment... 1-60.8 (A) Overview... 1-60.8 (B) Summary of the Principles...1-61 (C) Distinction between Investigation and Opportunity...1-62 (D) Random Virtue Testing...1-63 (E) Mr. Big Operations and the Threat of Entrapment...1-64 (F) How to: Raise Entrapment... 1-64.2 1.6.8 Judicial Stays... 1-64.2 1.6.9 Necessity... 1-64.3 CONTS-4

(A) Overview... 1-64.3 (B) The Principles... 1-64.3 (C) The Requirements...1-65 (D) How to: Advancing Necessity...1-65 1.6.10 Provocation...1-65 (A) Overview...1-65 (B) The Principles...1-66 (a) Overview...1-66 (b) Requirements...1-66 (c) (d) Objective and Subjective Elements...1-66 The Objective Element: How Ordinary is the Ordinary Person?...1-67 (e) Subjective Element...1-68 (C) How to: Raising Provocation...1-70 1.6.11 Self Defence...1-71 (A) Overview...1-71 (B) How to: Approach the Various Provisions...1-72 (C) How to: Raise the Defence of Self-Defence and Defence of Property...1-73 (D) Selected Provisions...1-74 (a) Section 34(1)...1-74 (b) Section 34(2)... 1-74.1 (c) Section 35... 1-74.4 (d) Section 37... 1-74.5 (e) Section 39(1)... 1-74.5 (f) Section 41... 1-74.6 (g) Section 43... 1-74.6 1.6.12 Private Use Exception... 1-74.7 1.7 Questions of Capacity Age, Automatism, Mental Disorder, Intoxication... 1-74.8 1.7.1 Overview... 1-74.8 1.7.2 Age... 1-74.9 (A) Overview... 1-74.9 (B) What is the Age of Criminal Responsibility?... 1-74.9 (C) Practice Issues... 1-74.9 1.7.3 Distinguishing Automatism and Mental Disorder... 1-74.11 (A) Overview... 1-74.11 (B) How Do They Operate?...1-75 (C) Procedural Differences: Are There Any?...1-75 (D) Legal Effect...1-75 1.7.4 Automatism...1-76 (A) Overview...1-76 (B) Principles...1-76 CONTS-5 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 8)

(a) Definition...1-76 (b) Test...1-76 (c) What About Intoxication?...1-77 (d) What about sleepwalking...1-77 (C) Legal Effect...1-78 (D) How to: Raise the Automatism Issue...1-78 1.7.5 Mental Disorder...1-79 (A) Overview...1-79 (B) Assessment Orders...1-81 (a) Overview...1-81 (b) Practice Points...1-82 (C) Fitness to Stand Trial...1-83 (a) Overview...1-83 (b) Principles...1-86 (c) How to: Determine Fitness... 1-86.1 (d) Summary of the Procedure at a Court or Review Board Disposition Hearing: s. 672.5... 1-86.1 (D) Not Criminally Responsible... 1-86.2 (a) Overview... 1-86.2 (b) Principles: Advancing a s. 16 Defence...1-88 (c) How to: Advance a s. 16 Defence...1-90 (d) Practice Points...1-92 (e) Summary of the Procedure at a Court or Review Board Disposition Hearing: s. 672.5...1-92 (f) Disposition Hearings...1-93 1.7.6 Intoxication...1-96 (A) Overview...1-96 (B) Involuntary Intoxication...1-99 (C) Voluntary Intoxication...1-99 (D) Distinguishing Offences of General and Specific Intent... 1-100 (E) Voluntary Intoxication and Offences of General Intent.. 1-101 (a) (b) Overview...1-101 Section 33.1: The Legislative Response to R. v. Daviault...1-102 (c) Summary...1-102 (F) Voluntary Intoxication and Offences of Specific Intent... 1-103 (G) Practice Issues...1-104 (H) How to: Advance the Intoxication Defence...1-105 CONTS-6

CHAPTER 2 Investigation: Rights and Powers Contents... 2-i 2.1 Overview... 2-1 2.2 Rights of the Subject... 2-2 2.2.1 Overview... 2-2 2.2.2 Waiver, Consent and Cooperation... 2-2 (A) Overview... 2-2 (B) Cooperation... 2-3 (a) Cooperation Allowed, and Encouraged... 2-3 (b) Cooperation vs. Acquiescence or Compliance... 2-3 (c) Effect of Request by Authority Figure... 2-3 (C) Waiver and Consent... 2-4 (a) Overview... 2-4 (b) What is Required for an Effective Waiver of a Right?... 2-5 (c) Knowledge of the Consequences... 2-6 (d) Why Have a Stringent Waiver Test?... 2-6 (e) Degree of Awareness Required... 2-6 (f) Requirement of an Operating Mind... 2-6 (g) Consent Must be Related to the Purpose... 2-7 (h) Situations... 2-7 (i) Onus on the Crown... 2-8 (j) Consequences of an Ineffective Consent or Waiver... 2-8 (k) How to: Raise an Ineffective Waiver or Consent... 2-8 2.2.3 Right to be Informed Charter s. 10(a)...2-8.1 (A) Overview...2-8.1 (B) Principles...2-8.2 (a) What is the Rationale for s. 10(a) of the Charter?...2-8.2 (b) What Does the Section Require?...2-8.2 (c) What Does the Word promptly Mean?...2-8.2 (d) If the Reason for Arrest or Detention Changes, Do the Police Need to Provide Further Information Pursuant to s. 10(a) of the Charter?...2-8.3 (e) What Approach Should be Taken to the Interpretation of s. 10(a) of the Charter?...2-8.4 (f) What is the Relationship Between ss. 10(a) and (b) of the Charter?...2-8.4 (g) If the s. 10(a) Right was Breached, Does It Matter That the Accused Waived or Exercised the s. 10(b) Right?...2-8.5 (h) How to: Raise the s. 10(a) Charter Breach... 2-9 CONTS-7 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

2.2.4 Right to Counsel Charter s. 10(b)... 2-9 (A) Overview... 2-9 (B) General Principles...2-10 (C) Nature of the Duties under s. 10(b)...2-11 (D) The Informational Duty...2-12 (a) Generally...2-12 (b) What Must be Provided?...2-17 (c) Proving the Existence of Duty Counsel Services...2-17 (d) (e) Waivers...2-18 What if the Person Detained Indicates They Do Not Want to Hear About Their Rights, or Already Knows Their Rights?...2-18 (f) What if the Person Detained Says, Not Right Now...2-19 (g) Accused s Understanding...2-19 (h) Substance over Form...2-20 (i) Consequences of Informational Component Breach... 2-20.1 (E) The Implementational Duties... 2-20.1 (a) Generally... 2-20.1 (b) Duty to Hold Off... 2-20.1 (c) Reasonable Opportunity What Does It Mean?... 2-20.3 (d) Does Reasonable Opportunity Mean One Phone Call?... 2-20.4 (e) Is a Private Call Required?... 2-20.5 (f) (g) What are Compelling and Urgent Circumstances Which Would Relieve the Police of the Obligation to Hold Off?... 2-20.5 Accused Says He Does Not Want to Speak to the Police, or Was Told by His Lawyer Not to Say Anything... 2-20.5 (h) Onus of Proof... 2-20.6 (F) Practice Notes... 2-20.7 (G) What is the Procedure if the Detainee Cannot Afford a Lawyer, and Legal Aid is Unavailable?... 2-20.8 (H) Constitutional Right to Counsel: Is There One?... 2-20.9 (I) Situations... 2-20.10 (J) How to: Raise a s. 10(b) Charter Violation... 2-20.11 (K) Rowbotham Application... 2-20.11 (L) Fisher Applications and Counsel of Choice... 2-20.13 (M) Ineffective Representation... 2-20.13 (N) Withdrawal of Counsel... 2-20.14 2.2.5 Disclosure... 2-20.15 (A) Overview... 2-20.15 CONTS-8

(B) The Right to Disclosure...2-22 (a) Generally...2-22 (b) Duty on the Defence...2-25 (c) Exceptions to Disclosure...2-26 (d) How Does the Crown Exercise Its Discretion Not to Disclose?...2-27 (C) How to: Obtain Disclosure...2-27 (D) How to: Force Disclosure (Not O Connor or s. 278.1)...2-28 (a) General Procedure...2-28 (b) Two Possible Situations... 2-28.1 (c) What Material Can be Obtained?... 2-28.2 (d) What Material Cannot be Obtained?... 2-28.2 (e) Lost Evidence: Can There be a Breach of Charter s. 7?... 2-28.2 (E) Relevant Information in the Possession of a Third Party... 2-28.3 (a) Generally... 2-28.3 (b) How to: Bring an O Connor Application The Steps... 2-28.4 (c) The Test... 2-28.4 (F) Section 278.1...2-29 (a) Overview...2-29 (b) How to: Bring the 278.1 Application...2-30 (G) The Remedy...2-33 (a) General Rule...2-33 (b) What Type of Remedy is Available?...2-34 (c) The Approach...2-34 (d) Does the Conduct of Defence Counsel Affect the Remedy?...2-35 2.3 Powers of the State...2-36 2.3.1 Agent of the State/Reach of the Charter...2-36 (A) Application of the Charter...2-36 (B) Government Defined...2-37 (C) Agent of the State...2-37 (D) Extra Territorial Application of the Charter...2-40 (E) Good Faith... 2-40.1 2.3.2 Right/Power to Detain... 2-40.2 (A) Overview... 2-40.2 (B) Approach... 2-40.3 (C) Detention When Has a Detention Occurred?... 2-40.4 (a) Meaning of Detention... 2-40.4 (b) Factors to Consider...2-43 (c) Situations... 2-44.1 CONTS-9 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

(D) Arbitrary Detention Charter s. 9... 2-44.2 (a) Overview... 2-44.2 (b) Legal Authority to Detain... 2-44.2 (c) Statutory Authority to Detain... 2-44.3 (d) The Common Law Power to Detain... 2-44.8 (E) How to: Raise a Detention or Arbitrary Detention Issue... 2-44.15 2.3.3 Right/Power to Arrest... 2-44.16 2.3.4 Right/Power to Question... 2-44.19 (A) Overview... 2-44.19 (B) General Principle... 2-44.19 2.3.5 Power of Search or Seizure... 2-44.21 (A) Overview... 2-44.21 (B) The Section 8 Protection...2-47 (a) The Scope...2-47 (b) What is a Search or Seizure?...2-50 (c) The Privacy Interest...2-51 (C) The Section 8 Challenge An Approach... 2-60.3 (D) Preparing for the Section 8 Challenge... 2-60.4 (a) An Approach... 2-60.4 (b) Disclosure Issues... 2-60.5 (E) Prior Judicial Authorization... 2-60.5 (a) The Requirement... 2-60.5 (b) What Constitutes Reasonable and Probable Grounds to Believe (or Reasonable Grounds to Believe)?... 2-60.6 (F) Challenging the Prior Judicial Authorization/Warrant for the Search... 2-60.12 (a) The Grounds... 2-60.12 (b) What Does the Court Look for?... 2-60.13 (G) Challenging the Warrantless Search or Seizure... 2-60.15 (a) The Grounds... 2-60.15 (H) The Section 8 Challenge: Attacking a Search or Seizure on the Basis of its Execution... 2-60.16 (I) How to: Bringing the Section 8 Challenge... 2-60.21 (J) Other Challenges to Searches... 2-60.22 (K) Warrants: Searches with Prior Judicial Authorization...2-61 (a) Overview...2-61 (b) The Standard Warrant Code Section 487...2-62 (c) The General Warrant Section 487.01...2-66 (d) Forensic DNA Section 487.04-09...2-68 (e) Bodily Impression Section 487.091...2-70 (f) Tracking Warrant Section 492.1... 2-70.1 CONTS-10

(g) Dial Number Recorder Section 492.2... 2-70.1 (h) Proceeds of Crime Seize and Freeze in Part II.2 Sections 462.32 and 462.33... 2-70.2 (i) Drugs CDSA...2-71 (j) Firearms...2-72 (k) Telewarrants Section 487.1...2-72 (l) Section 256 Warrants...2-73 (m) 488.1 Law Offices...2-73 (n) Feeney Warrants...2-74 (L) Search Without Warrant (No Prior Judicial Authorization)...2-75 (a) Consent...2-75 (b) Search on Lawful Arrest (or Detention, such as Stop and Frisk)...2-78 (c) Exigent Circumstances S. 487.11 or Common Law...2-88 (d) Roadside Breath Tests...2-91 (e) Plain View...2-92 (M) Return of Seized Goods...2-94 (N) Wiretaps/Invasion of Privacy...2-94 (a) Overview...2-95 (b) The Statutory Scheme...2-96 (c) How to: Obtaining a Judicial Authorization to Intercept...2-100 (d) How to: Challenging the Admissibility of Intercepted Communications...2-102 (e) How to: Access the Sealed Packet Section 187... 2-104 CHAPTER 3 The Trial Process From Investigation to Trial Contents... 3-i 3.1 Overview... 3-1 3.2 When, Where and How?... 3-2 3.2.1 Overview... 3-2 3.2.2 Locating the Offence... 3-2 3.2.3 When Overview... 3-3 3.2.4 When Limitation Periods... 3-3 3.2.5 When The Charter... 3-4 (A) Overview... 3-4 (B) Section 11(b)... 3-5 (a) The Principles... 3-5 (b) Prerequisites... 3-5 CONTS-11 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

(c) The Purpose of S. 11(b) (from R. v. Morin)... 3-5 (d) The Test... 3-5 (e) The Factors Considered... 3-6 (C) How to: Bring an Application to Stay Proceedings for Unreasonable Delay... 3-10.2 (a) Timing... 3-10.2 (b) Burden of Proof... 3-10.2 (c) Procedure... 3-10.2 3.2.6 Where Will It Be Tried? Territorial Jurisdiction... 3-10.4 (A) Overview... 3-10.4 (B) Change of Venue... 3-10.4 3.2.7 In Which Court Will It Be Tried?...3-11 (A) Overview...3-11 (B) Age Determination...3-12 (C) The Offences Their Classification...3-12 (D) Rights of Election...3-13 (a) Crown Election...3-13 (b) Election by the Accused...3-14 (c) Re-elections...3-16 (E) Language of Accused...3-18 3.3 Bail and Bail Review... 3-18.1 3.3.1 Overview... 3-18.1 3.3.2 Bail Applications... 3-18.2 (A) Overview... 3-18.2 (B) The Procedure A Summary... 3-18.3 (C) Bail for Offences Under s. 469...3-19 3.3.3 The Bail Review Application...3-19 (A) Overview...3-19 (B) The Principles...3-19 (C) How to: The Bail Review Application Young Offenders...3-21 (D) How to: The Bail Review Application Adults...3-21 (E) How to: The Bail Review Application S. 469 Offences...3-23 (F) How to: Review Applications Under S. 523...3-23 (G) How to: Automatic Reviews Under S. 525...3-23 3.4 Informations and Indictments...3-24 3.4.1 Overview...3-24 3.4.2 Form and Substance Requirements...3-24 3.4.3 Challenging Informations or Indictments...3-29 3.4.4 Particulars...3-29 (A) Principles...3-29 (B) Procedure...3-30 3.4.5 Motion to Dismiss...3-31 CONTS-12

3.4.6 Motion to Quash...3-31 (A) Overview...3-31 (B) The Golden Rule (R. v. Coˆte )...3-32 3.4.7 How to: Motion to Quash the Information or Indictment...3-32 (A) When?...3-32 (B) Procedure...3-32 3.4.8 Amending Matters of Form and Substance...3-33 (A) Overview...3-33 (B) Approach to Amendment Issues...3-34 (C) Test...3-34 (D) How to Tell if the Accused is Prejudiced... 3-34.1 (E) The Crown Application to Amend in Conformity with the Evidence... 3-34.1 3.5 Pre-Trial Hearing... 3-34.2 3.5.1 Overview... 3-34.2 3.5.2 When the Pre-Trial is Held... 3-34.2 3.5.3 Preparing for the Pre-Trial... 3-34.3 3.6 Joinder and Severance: Counts and Accused... 3-34.4 3.6.1 Principles... 3-34.4 3.6.2 Interests of Justice... 3-34.6 (A) Overview... 3-34.6 (B) Multiple Counts... 3-34.7 (C) Multiple Accused... 3-34.8 3.6.3 How to: Apply for Severance...3-35 (A) Practical Steps...3-35 (B) The Rules...3-35 3.6.4 How to: Try Matters Together...3-36 3.7 Stays and Withdrawals...3-37 3.7.1 Overview...3-37 3.7.2 Withdrawal of Charges...3-38 (A) Principles...3-38 (B) Review of Crown Discretion to Withdraw...3-38 (C) How to: Withdraw the Charge...3-38 3.7.3 Stay of Proceedings by the Crown...3-39 (A) Principles...3-39 (B) Review of Crown Decision...3-40 (C) Stay and Abuse of Process...3-40 3.7.4 How to: Enter a Stay...3-42 3.8 Preliminary Inquiry... 3-42.1 3.8.1 Overview... 3-42.1 3.8.2 Purposes...3-44 3.8.3 Powers of the Presiding Justice...3-44 CONTS-13 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

3.8.4 Test for Committal...3-46 3.8.5 Challenging the Committal...3-48 3.8.6 Tactics...3-50 3.9 Conduct of the Proceedings...3-50 3.9.1 Failure to Attend...3-50 3.9.2 Adjournments...3-52 (A) Overview...3-52 (B) Principles...3-52 (C) Adjournments for Unrepresented Accused...3-54 (D) How to: Obtain an Adjournment...3-56 (a) Practical Approach...3-56 (b) Procedure...3-56 3.9.3 Security Arrangements/Seating Arrangements/Presence Requirements... 3-56.1 3.9.4 Representation at Trial...3-57 3.9.5 Unrepresented Accused...3-60 3.10 The Trial...3-63 3.10.1 Directed Verdict (or) No Evidence Motion...3-63 3.10.2 Summary Conviction Proceedings...3-64 (A) Overview...3-64 (B) Provisions...3-64 3.10.3 The Plea...3-65 (A) Guilty Plea...3-65 (B) Repudiation of Plea Agreement and the Charter...3-67 3.10.4 Crown Reply Evidence...3-69 3.10.5 Crown s Closing Address...3-70 3.10.6 Reasons for Decision...3-72 3.10.6 The Verdict... 3-72.5 3.10.7 Pretrial Motions... 3-72.5 3.10.9 Judicial Conduct... 3-72.6 3.11 Joint Accused: Issues Arising... 3-72.9 3.11.1 Overview... 3-72.9 3.11.2 Situations... 3-72.10 3.12 Jury Trials...3-73 3.12.1 Jury Selection...3-73 (A) Overview...3-73 (B) The Challenge for Cause...3-73 (a) Overview...3-73 (b) The Nature and Scope of the Challenge for Cause...3-74 (c) How to: Bringing the Challenge for Cause...3-77 (C) Other Issues...3-79 CONTS-14

(a) Peremptory Challenges...3-79 (b) Crown Investigation into Potential Jurors...3-79 (c) Jury Roll...3-81 3.12.2 Jury Instruction What to Look For?...3-81 3.12.3 Jury Trials Miscellaneous Issues...3-82 (A) Jury Deliberations and Secrecy...3-82 (B) Jury Questions...3-84 (C) Judicial Inquiry in Jury Verdict...3-85 (D) Order for Protection of Juror Identity...3-85 (E) Judicial Opinion of Evidence Expressed to Jury and s. 11(f) of the Charter...3-85 (F) Judicial Discharge of Jurors...3-86 3.13 Miscellaneous Issues...3-86 3.13.1 Defence Counsel s Removal From the Record...3-86 3.13.2 Application to Take Evidence on Commission...3-88 3.13.3 Release of Exhibits for Scientific Testing...3-88 3.13.4 Conflict of Interest...3-89 3.14 Sentencing...3-90 CHAPTER 4 Evidence Contents... 4-i 4.1 The Framework... 4-1 4.1.1 Introducing Evidence: The Approach... 4-1 (A) Overview... 4-1 (B) The Approach... 4-3 4.1.2 Relevance, Materiality and Admissibility... 4-5 (A) Relevance... 4-5 (B) Materiality... 4-5 (C) Admissible: The Exclusionary Rules... 4-6 4.1.3 Overriding Judicial Discretion to Exclude... 4-6 (A) Overview... 4-6 (B) The Old Rule: R. v. Wray... 4-7 (C) The Evolution of the Judicial Discretion to Exclude under the Charter... 4-7 (D) Fair Trial Guarantee... 4-9 4.1.4 Procedure for Introducing Evidence...4-10 4.1.5 Evidence: What is It?...4-11 4.2 Proving the Case...4-14 4.2.1 Overview...4-14 CONTS-15 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

4.2.2 Presumption of Innocence...4-15 (A) Overview...4-15 (B) Principles...4-16 4.2.3 The Burden of Proof...4-17 (A) Overview...4-17 (B) Burden of Proof...4-17 (C) Measuring the Legal Burden: The Standard of Proof...4-18 (a) Overview...4-18 (b) Reasonable Doubt...4-18 (c) Balance of Probabilities... 4-20.2 (d) What is the Balance of Probabilities?... 4-20.3 (D) Satisfying the Legal Burden... 4-20.3 (E) Satisfying The Evidentiary Burden... 4-20.5 (F) Examples... 4-20.6 4.2.4 Presumptions... 4-20.7 (A) Overview... 4-20.7 (B) Presumptions Without Basic Facts... 4-20.7 (C) Presumptions With Basic Facts... 4-20.8 (a) Presumptions of Fact... 4-20.8 (b) Conclusive Presumptions of Law...4-21 (c) Rebuttable Presumptions of Law...4-21 4.3 Calling the Case...4-24 4.3.1 Preliminary Matters...4-24 (A) Excluding Witnesses...4-24 (a) Overview...4-24 (b) Where is the Power to Exclude?...4-24 (B) Prohibiting Publication/Excluding the Public... 4-24.1 (a) Overview... 4-24.1 (b) Freedom of Expression and Publication Bans... 4-24.2 4.3.2 Order of the Proceedings... 4-24.2 (A) The Crown Case...4-25 (a) Overview...4-25 (b) Order of Witnesses...4-25 (c) Duty to Call Evidence...4-25 (d) Adverse Inference from Failure to Call Witnesses...4-26 (e) General Duty and Conduct of Crown...4-27 (B) The Defence Case...4-29 (C) Reopening the Case...4-29 (a) Overview...4-29 (b) The Principles...4-30 (D) Reply...4-31 (a) Overview...4-31 (b) The Principles...4-31 CONTS-16

(E) Surrebuttal...4-32 4.4 Witnesses Preliminary Matters... 4-32.1 4.4.1 Overview... 4-32.1 4.4.2 Competence and Compellability... 4-32.2 (A) Presumed Not Competent s. 4 CEA...4-34 (a) The Accused s. 4(1) CEA...4-34 (b) Husband or Wife of the Accused s. 4(1) CEA...4-35 (B) Proved Not Competent s. 16 CEA...4-39 (a) Overview...4-39 (b) Procedure on the Inquiry...4-39 (c) Test on the Inquiry... 4-40.1 (d) What Effect Does a Witness Mental Disorder Have?... 4-40.9 4.4.3 Privilege... 4-40.9 (A) Overview... 4-40.9 (B) Case by Case Privilege...4-42 (a) Identifying the Privilege...4-42 (b) Asserting the Privilege...4-43 (C) Class Privileges: Solicitor - Client...4-43 (a) Identifying the Privilege...4-44 (b) Extensions of the Privilege...4-44 (c) Limitations on the Privilege...4-45 (d) What does innocence at stake mean?...4-47 (e) Innocence at stake exception...4-47 (f) Asserting the Privilege...4-49 (D) Class Privilege: Marital Communications...4-49 (a) Identifying the Privilege...4-49 (b) Asserting the Privilege...4-49 (E) Class Privilege: Police Informer Privilege...4-50 (a) Identifying the Privilege...4-50 (b) Asserting the Privilege...4-52 (F) Class Privilege: Investigation Privilege...4-53 (G) Class Privilege: Crown Privilege Public Interest Immunity...4-53 (a) Overview...4-53 (b) Identifying the Nature of the Immunity...4-54 4.4.4 Compelling the Attendance of Witnesses...4-56 (A) Overview...4-56 (B) How to: Compel a Witness Attendance... 4-56.4 (C) How to: Issuing the Subpoena... 4-56.4 (D) How to: Serving the Subpoena... 4-56.5 (E) How to: Compelling the Prisoner/Witness to Attend... 4-56.6 (F) How to: Enforce the Subpoena... 4-56.7 CONTS-17 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 7)

(G) How to: Object to the Subpoena... 4-56.7 (a) What are the Grounds for Objection?... 4-56.7 (b) Where Should the Objection be Launched?... 4-56.8 (c) How Is an Objection Launched?... 4-56.9 4.4.5 Assisting the Witness Memory... 4-56.9 (A) Overview... 4-56.9 (B) Assisting Memory... 4-56.9 (C) Past Recollection Recorded (PRR)... 4-56.10 (D) Prior Transcripts...4-57 (E) How to: Approach a Memory Assistance Situation...4-57 (F) Special Situations: 715.1 Videotape...4-58 (a) Overview...4-58 (b) Requirements...4-58 (c) Summary of the Principles...4-58 (d) The Meaning of Adopts...4-59 (e) Meaning of Acts Complained Of...4-60 (f) As a Matter of Law, Can Videotape Corroborate a Victim s Evidence at Trial?...4-61 (g) Prior Acquaintance/Better Position Test...4-62 (G) Post-hypnosis Testimony...4-62 4.4.6 Alterations to the Right to Confront the Accuser...4-63 (A) Overview...4-63 (B) Requirements for 486(2.1)...4-63 (C) Procedure...4-63 4.4.7 Questioning Witnesses...4-64 (A) Overview...4-64 (B) Examination in Chief...4-64 (a) Purpose...4-64 (b) Can You Speak to the Witness After They Have Started Their EIC?...4-65 (c) Rule Against Leading Questions...4-65 (d) Exceptions to the Rule...4-65 (e) Rule Against Impeaching Your Own Witness...4-66 (f) Rule Against Oath Helping...4-66 (C) Cross-examination...4-67 (a) Purpose...4-68 (b) Limitations...4-68 (c) Situations: Unacceptable Inquiries... 4-68.3 (D) Re-examination... 4-68.5 (E) Judicial Power to Ask Questions... 4-68.6 (F) Collateral Facts: The Rule... 4-68.7 4.5 Impeaching the Witness... 4-68.9 4.5.1 Overview... 4-68.9 CONTS-18

4.5.2 Nature of Impeachment...4-70 (A) Overview...4-70 (B) Assessing Credibility...4-70 4.5.3 Impeaching Their Witness...4-71 (A) Overview...4-71 (B) Rationality of the Evidence Itself...4-72 (a) Consistency...4-72 (b) Reasonableness...4-72 (C) Proof by Other Witnesses...4-73 (D) Prior (Inconsistent) Statements...4-73 (a) Overview...4-73 (b) Use of the Prior Inconsistent Statement... 4-74.1 (c) How to: Cross-examination on a Prior Inconsistent Statement (Generally)... 4-74.2 (d) Section 10 CEA...4-76 (e) Section 11 CEA...4-77 (f) How to: Cross-Examine on an Oral Statement...4-77 (g) Transcripts...4-77 (h) Bias, Interest or Corruption... 4-78.1 (E) Defects of Testimonial Capacity... 4-78.2 (F) Prior Criminal Record... 4-78.3 (G) Character... 4-78.3 4.6 Impeaching Your Own Witness...4-79 4.6.1 Overview...4-79 4.6.2 How to: Cross-examine Your Own Witness An Approach...4-80 4.6.3 How to: Section 9(2) CEA Application...4-81 (A) Prerequisites to Use...4-81 (B) Leave Required...4-82 4.6.4 Procedure Under 9(2) CEA...4-83 4.6.5 How to: Section 9(1) CEA...4-84 4.6.6 Procedure Under s. 9(1) CEA...4-85 4.6.7 Common Law Right...4-86 4.6.8 How to: The R. v. B. (K. G.) Application...4-86 (A) Overview...4-86 (B) Legal Requirements...4-87 (a) Necessity...4-87 (b) Reliability...4-89 (c) Striking Similarity...4-91 (C) Procedure...4-92 4.7 Supporting the Credibility of Your Witness...4-93 4.7.1 Overview...4-93 (A) General Rule...4-93 (B) Reason for the General Rule...4-93 CONTS-19 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

4.7.2 Exceptions to the General Rule...4-93 (A) Character of the Accused...4-94 (B) Character of the Non-Accused/Witness...4-94 (C) Expert Evidence...4-94 (D) (Some) Prior Consistent Statements...4-95 (a) Use of Out of Court Statements of Prior Identification... 4-96.1 (b) Exception to the Rule Against Hearsay... 4-96.1 (c) Exculpatory Statements on Arrest... 4-96.2 (d) Statements Made by the Accused on the Recovery of Incriminating Articles... 4-96.3 (e) Rebut the Allegation of Recent Fabrication... 4-96.3 (f) Narrative...4-97 (g) Complaint...4-99 (h) Situations...4-100 4.8 Documents...4-100 4.8.1 Overview...4-100 4.8.2 How to: Introduce a Document as Evidence...4-101 4.8.3 Basis for Receiving Documents...4-102 (A) Overview...4-102 (B) Public Documents...4-103 (a) Overview...4-103 (b) Common Law Exception...4-103 (c) CEA Provisions...4-104 (C) Judicial Proceedings and Documents...4-105 (a) Overview...4-105 (b) Common Law Exception...4-105 (c) Canada Evidence Act...4-105 (D) Other Statutory Provisions...4-106 (E) Course of Duty...4-107 (a) Overview...4-107 (b) What is the Exception?...4-107 (c) Practice...4-107 (F) Business Records...4-108 (a) Overview...4-108 (G) Banking Records...4-110 (H) Other Documents...4-110 4.8.4 How to: Prove the Document...4-112 4.9 Hearsay... 4-112.2 4.9.1 The Rule Against Hearsay... 4-112.2 (A) Overview... 4-112.2 (B) The Rule... 4-112.3 (a) Overview... 4-112.3 CONTS-20

(b) How to: Approach a Potential Hearsay Problem... 4-112.3 (c) How to: Make the Hearsay Objection...4-113 (d) Examples...4-113 (e) The Double Relevance Problem...4-114 (f) (g) Can Assertive Conduct Amount to Hearsay?...4-114 What of Statements or Conduct Tendered for their Implied Assertions?...4-114 4.9.2 Exceptions to the Hearsay Rule...4-116 (A) Overview: Two Approaches...4-116 (B) Principled Approach...4-118 (a) Necessity...4-119 (b) Reliability...4-122 4.9.3 Exceptions the Traditional Approach... 4-124.3 (A) Overview... 4-124.3 (B) Admissions... 4-124.4 (C) Statements Adopted by a Party s Conduct... 4-124.7 (D) Statements Authorized by a Party... 4-124.8 (E) Statements of Persons with a Common Purpose/ Conspiracy... 4-124.9 (F) Exceptions where the Declarant or the Testimony is Unavailable... 4-124.11 (a) Declarations against Interest... 4-124.11 (b) Dying Declarations... 4-124.12 (c) Course of Duty... 4-124.12 (d) Former Testimony Section 715... 4-124.12 (G) Declarations as to Physical Sensation, Mental or Emotional State, or State of Mind...4-125 (H) Res Gestae: Spontaneous Exclamations: Excited Utterances...4-126 (I) Evidence on a Breach of a Conditional Sentence...4-128 (J) Documents in Possession Rule...4-128 4.10 Character Evidence...4-129 4.10.1 Overview...4-129 (A) What is Character Evidence?...4-129 (B) The Potential Use of Character Evidence...4-130 (C) General Propositions Governing Character Evidence of Accused...4-130 (D) Assumptions About Character Evidence...4-131 (E) Overview: Potential Permissible Situations...4-131 (F) Good Character of Accused...4-133 (a) Specific Acts and General Reputation...4-133 CONTS-21 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 8)

(b) Expert Evidence of Accused s Disposition or Tendencies...4-133 (G) Character Evidence of Co-Accused...4-135 (H) Character of Non-Accused Witnesses, Complainants, and Persons Not Directly Party to the Proceedings... 4-135 (a) Good Character...4-135 (b) Bad Character...4-135 (c) Sexual Assault Complainant...4-137 (I) Responding to Bad Character Evidence of Accused... 4-137 (J) Responding to Good Character Evidence of Accused... 4-137 (K) Responding to Bad Character Evidence of Non-Accused Witnesses...4-138 (L) When Does Accused Put His Character in Issue?...4-138 (M) The Prior Criminal Record Use and Restrictions... 4-138.2 4.10.2 Similar Fact Evidence... 4-138.2 (A) General Principles... 4-138.3 (B) The Handy Test... 4-138.7 (C) The Approach When Identity is in Issue... 4-138.8 (D) Charge to the Jury... 4-138.9 4.11 Opinion Evidence/Expert Evidence... 4-138.10 4.11.1 Overview... 4-138.10 4.11.2 Fact and Opinion Can Any Witness Venture Their Opinion?... 4-138.11 (A) General Rule... 4-138.11 (B) Difference Between Fact and Opinion... 4-138.11 4.11.3 The Criteria Governing Admissibility of Expert Evidence... 4-138.11 (A) Properly Qualified Expert/Recognized Expertise...4-139 (B) Relevance... 4-142.7 (C) Necessity... 4-142.8 (D) The Absence of an Exclusionary Rule...4-143 4.11.4 Establishing the Foundation...4-143 4.11.5 How to: Qualifying the Expert...4-144 4.11.6 Practice Points...4-145 4.12 Privilege/Principle Against Self-Incrimination...4-145 4.12.1 Overview...4-145 4.12.2 Pre-Trial: The Right to Silence...4-147 (A) Overview...4-147 (B) Developing the Right to Silence The Right to Choose...4-149 (C) When is the Right to Silence Engaged?...4-152 (D) Remedy... 4-152.1 4.12.3 Testimonial Protections... 4-152.1 CONTS-22

(A) Overview... 4-152.1 (B) Section 5 CEA... 4-152.2 (C) Section 13 of the Charter... 4-152.2 (D) How to: Keep the Derivative Evidence Out/Keep the Witness Off the Stand...4-153 (a) Overview...4-153 (b) Principles...4-153 (c) Procedure...4-155 (E) How to: Prevent the Adverse Inference Being Drawn from Accused s Failure to Testify...4-156 (a) Overview...4-156 (b) Principles...4-156 (c) Problem: What Happens Where Rights Clash?... 4-157 4.12.4 Confessions...4-158 (A) Overview...4-158 (B) Statement of the Rule...4-159 (a) Threats or Promises...4-162 (b) Product of an Operating Mind...4-163 (c) Absence of Oppression...4-165 (d) Other Police Trickery...4-166 (e) Mr. Big Investigations and the Two Prong Test... 4-167 (C) Scope of the Rule...4-170 (D) Person in Authority... 4-170.1 (E) Young Offenders... 4-170.4 (F) How to: Proving the Voluntariness of the Statement... 4-170.5 (a) The Principles... 4-170.5 (b) The Procedure... 4-170.7 (c) Situations... 4-170.7 4.13 Miscellaneous Issues... 4-170.9 4.13.1 Prior Criminal Record... 4-170.9 (A) Overview... 4-170.9 (B) Relevant to Credibility... 4-170.9 (a) Overview... 4-170.9 (b) How to: Obtain Information About a Record... 4-170.10 (c) How to: Question on the Record s. 12 CEA... 4-170.10 (d) How to: Avoid or Prevent Questioning on the Record... 4-170.11 (e) How to: Bring the Corbett Application... 4-170.12 (C) Relevant to a Substantive Issue...4-171 (D) How to: Prove a Prior Criminal Record...4-172 4.13.2 Eyewitness Identification Evidence...4-173 (A) Overview...4-173 (B) Principles...4-175 CONTS-23 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 9)

(C) Voice Identification Evidence...4-177 (D) Preparing to Challenge the Eyewitness Identification... 4-178 (E) Evidentiary Notes...4-178 (a) Use of Out of Court Statements of Prior Identification...4-178 (b) What About Expert Evidence?...4-180 4.13.3 Judicial Notice...4-181 (A) What is It?...4-181 (B) Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts...4-181 (C) Judicial Notice of Legislative Facts...4-182 (D) Judicial Notice of Social Framework Facts...4-182 (E) Mental Capacity and State of Mind...4-183 4.13.4 Post-Offence Conduct (Consciousness of Guilt)...4-184 (A) Overview...4-184 (B) The Principles...4-184 (C) Probative Value of Post-Offence Conduct... 4-186.1 (D) The Standard of Proof for Evidence of Post-Offence Conduct...4-187 (E) The Rejected Statements of an Accused...4-188 4.13.5 Issue Estoppel...4-189 4.13.6 The Complainant s Prior Sexual History: Section 276... 4-190 (A) Overview...4-190 (B) Summary of the Legal Principles...4-191 (C) How to: Introduce Evidence of Prior Sexual History... 4-191 (D) Contents of the Affidavit...4-194 (E) The Voir Dire...4-195 4.13.7 Unsavoury Witnesses and Jailhouse Informants...4-198 (A) Principles...4-198 4.13.8 Police Discretion to Collect Evidence...4-200 CHAPTER 5 Remedies Contents... 5-i 5.1 Overview... 5-1 5.2 The Route to Relief: To Appeal or Not... 5-2 5.2.1 Introduction... 5-2 5.2.2 Final Order or Decision... 5-2 5.2.3 Interlocutory Orders or Decisions Challenges by the Crown or Defence... 5-3 5.2.4 Interlocutory Orders or Decisions Third Party Challenges... 5-3 (A) Overview... 5-3 CONTS-24

(B) Why and When Would a Third Party Wish to Challenge?... 5-4 (C) Procedure on Third Party Challenges... 5-4 5.2.5 Moot Appeals... 5-4 5.2.6 New Trial vs. Acquittal... 5-4 5.3 Legislative Compliance With the Constitution... 5-5 5.3.1 Overview... 5-5 5.3.2 The Constitution Act The Division of Powers... 5-7 (A) Overview... 5-7 (B) Key Provisions... 5-7 (C) How to: Challenge a Law s Constitutionality... 5-8 (D) Remedies...5-13 (a) Strike All or Part of the Law Down...5-13 (b) Read Down...5-14 (c) Read In...5-15 (d) Constitutionality Exemption...5-15 (e) Temporary Suspension of Invalidity...5-16 5.3.3 The Charter...5-16 (A) Overview...5-16 (B) Possible Problem Areas...5-17 (C) Section 1 Analysis...5-18 (D) How to: Challenge the Law s Consitiutionality Under the Charter...5-20 (E) Remedies...5-20 5.4 Charter Remedies: Sections 24(1) and 24(2)... 5-20.1 5.4.1 Overview... 5-20.1 5.4.2 Section 24(1)... 5-20.2 (A) Overview... 5-20.2 (B) Anyone Who Has Standing?... 5-20.2 (a) What the Applicant Must Establish... 5-20.2 (b) The Co-accused...5-21 (C) The Fair Trial Remedy...5-22 (D) Whose Charter Rights or Freedoms Have Been Infringed or Denied...5-22 (E) May Apply to a Court of Competent Jurisdiction...5-23 (F) For a Remedy That is Appropriate and Just in the Circumstances...5-25 (G) How to: Apply for a Remedy under 24(1) of the Charter...5-26 5.4.3 Section 24(2) Excluding Evidence... 5-30.1 (A) Overview... 5-30.1 (B) The Requirements...5-32 (a) Standing...5-32 CONTS-25 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 5)

(b) Burden of Proof...5-32 (c) The Causal Connection Between the Evidence Obtained and the Infringement or Denial...5-32 (d) Discretion or Duty Shall be Excluded...5-33 (e) Disrepute The Test...5-33 (C) The Test for Exclusion...5-34 (a) Overview...5-34 (b) Fairness of the Trial...5-35 (c) Seriousness of the Breach...5-38 (d) Effect of Exclusion on the Administration of Justice... 5-38.1 (D) How to: Excluding Evidence under the Charter... 5-38.2 (a) Overview... 5-38.2 (b) Ontario Court of Justice... 5-38.3 (c) Superior Court of Justice... 5-38.4 5.5 Excluding Evidence An Approach...5-39 5.5.1 Overview...5-39 5.5.2 The Approach...5-39 5.5.3 Relevance, Materiality and Admissibility...5-40 (A) Relevance...5-40 (B) Materiality...5-40 (C) Admissible: The Exclusionary Rules...5-41 5.5.4 Overriding Judicial Discretion to Exclude...5-41 (A) Overview...5-41 (B) The Old Rule: R. v. Wray...5-42 (C) The Evolution of the Judicial Discretion to Exclude under the Charter...5-42 (D) Where Are We Now? Fair Trial Guarantee...5-43 5.5.5 How to: Exclude Evidence (Generally)...5-45 (A) Overview...5-45 (a) Substantive Basis for the Objection...5-45 (b) Timing...5-45 (c) Procedure...5-45 5.5.6 Voir Dire...5-48 (A) Overview...5-48 (B) Procedure...5-48 (C) Principles that Apply on the Voir Dire...5-48 (D) Timinig of the Evidentiary Objection...5-49 5.6 A Quick Reference Guide on When and How to Bring Applications and Motions...5-50 5.6.1 Overview...5-50 5.6.2 Strategy and Tactics...5-50 5.6.3 Correcting Errors...5-51 CONTS-26

5.6.4 The Application Process: Charts...5-53 (A) Overview...5-53 (B) Applications, Generally...5-56 5.6.5 Table of Tasks Summarizing Procedure... 5-58.1 5.6.6 Precedents... 5-58.1 5.7 Extraordinary Remedies...5-60 5.7.1 Overview...5-60 5.7.2 The Remedies...5-60 (A) Certiorari...5-60 (a) What is It?...5-60 (b) Why Would Certiorari be Used?...5-61 (c) Quash the Committall for Trial...5-61 (d) Quashing a Search Warrant...5-62 (e) Quashing a Subpoena...5-62 (f) Quashing a Publication Ban...5-62 (B) Mandamus...5-62 (a) What is It?...5-62 (b) Why would Mandamus be Used?...5-63 (C) Prohibition...5-63 (a) What is It?...5-63 (b) Why Would It be Used?...5-63 (D) Procedendo...5-63 (a) What is It?...5-63 (b) Does Anyone Use It?...5-64 (E) Habeas Corpus ad Sujiciendum...5-64 5.7.3 Limitations on Their Use...5-64 5.7.4 How to: The Procedure, Generally...5-65 CHAPTER 6 Remedies After Trial Appeals Contents... 6-i Overview... 6-1 6.1 Taking the Call... 6-4 6.1.1 Overview... 6-4 6.1.2 Checklist: What Must be Decided... 6-4 (A) Preserving the Right to Appeal... 6-5 (B) Merits... 6-5 (C) Client Expectations... 6-5 (D) The Retainer... 6-5 (E) Appellate Tactics... 6-7 6.1.3 Checklist: What You Need/Want to Know... 6-7 CONTS-27 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 7)

6.1.4 Checklist: Sources of Information... 6-8 6.2 Indictable Appeals...6-8.1 6.2.1 Overview...6-8.1 6.2.2 How to: Achieving Perfection Step by Step...6-8.1 (A) Overview...6-8.1 6.2.3 How to: Obtain Bail Pending Appeal... 6-16.3 (A) Overview... 6-16.3 (B) Principles... 6-16.4 (a) Conviction Appeals s. 679(3)... 6-16.4 (b) Sentence Appeals s. 679(4)...6-17 (C) Procedure...6-17 (D) Extensions or Variations (Rule 34)... 6-20.1 (a) Principles... 6-20.1 (b) How to Obtain an Extension or Variation... 6-20.2 6.2.4 Powers of the Court of Appeal...6-23 (A) How to: Bring Applications Generally (Apart from Bail)...6-23 (a) When?...6-23 (b) Procedure...6-23 (B) How to: Obtain a Stay of a Driving Prohibition...6-24 (a) Principles...6-24 (b) Procedure...6-24 (c) Tactical Considerations...6-25 (C) How to: Obtain Stays, Generally...6-25 (a) Principles...6-25 (b) Procedure...6-26 (c) Tactical Considerations...6-26 (D) How to: Introduce Fresh Evidence...6-27 (a) Principles...6-27 (b) Procedure...6-32 (E) How to: Obtain Your Order Without Being There...6-33 (a) Principles...6-33 (b) Procedure...6-33 (c) Tactical Considerations...6-33 6.3 Summary Conviction Appeals...6-34 6.3.1 Overview...6-34 6.3.2 How to: Achieving Perfection Step by Step...6-34 6.3.3 How to: Obtain Bail Pending Appeal... 6-38.1 (A) Overview... 6-38.1 (B) Principles... 6-38.1 (C) Procedure: Rule 42... 6-38.1 (D) Tactical Considerations... 6-38.2 6.3.4 Powers of the Summary Conviction Appeal Court... 6-38.3 CONTS-28

(A) How to: Bring Applications, Generally (Apart from Bail)... 6-38.3 (B) How to: Obtain a Stay Pending Appeal... 6-38.3 (a) Principles... 6-38.3 (b) Procedure... 6-38.3 (C) How to: Obtain a Stay of a Driving Prohibition... 6-38.4 (a) Principles... 6-38.4 (b) Procedure... 6-38.5 (c) Tactical Considerations... 6-38.5 (D) How to: Introduce Fresh Evidence... 6-38.5 (a) Principles... 6-38.6 (b) Procedure... 6-38.6 6.4 Precedents...6-40 6.4.1 Indictable Appeals...6-40 6.4.2 Summary Conviction Appeals...6-51 Issues in Focus IF-1.0 Commission Evidence...IF 1-1 IF-2.0 As soon as practicable...if 2-1 IF-3.0 Reasonable grounds to suspect...if 3-1 IF-4.0 Extended detention following breath tests...if 4-1 IF-5.0 Release of Exhibits for Scientific Testing...IF 5-1 IF-6.0 Business Record Admissibility...IF 6-1 IF-7.0 Consent Search...IF 7-1 IF-8.0 Solictor-Client Privilege...IF 8-1 IF-9.0 Exigent Circumstances Search...IF 9-1 IF-10.0 Lineup Evidence...IF 10-1 IF-11.0 Polygraph...IF 11-1 IF-12.0 Public Interest Immunity...IF 12-1 IF-13.0 Recorded Statement Admissibility...IF 13-1 IF-14.0 Regulatory Information Demands and Inspections Admissibility...IF 14-1 IF-15.0 Subsection 24(2) Exclusion...IF 15-1 IF-16.0 Sentences for Offence of Child Luring...IF 16-1 IF-17.0 Defence of Property...IF 17-1 IF-18.0 Misconduct of a State Agent amounting to an Abuse of Process...IF 18-1 IF-19.0 Non-disclosure of HIV-positive Status amounting to Fraud Vitiating Consent...IF 19-1 IF-20.0 Self-defence under Criminal Code Section 34...IF 20-1 CONTS-29 (Criminal Practice) (2015 Rel. 5)

Topical Index...I-1 CONTS-30