Reproduced from The Post-Colonial Security Dilemma: Timor-Leste and the International Community, by Rebecca Strating (Singapore: ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute, 2019). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. E-book is available at <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg>
The ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) is an autonomous organization established in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security, and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute s research programmes are grouped under Regional Economic Studies (RES), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre (NSC), and the Singapore APEC Study Centre. ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. 00 TimorLeste-Prelims-5P.indd 2
First published in Singapore in 2019 by ISEAS Publishing 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119614 E-mail: publish@iseas.edu.sg Website: <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg> All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute. 2019 ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the author and her interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the publisher or its supporters. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Strating, Rebecca. The Post-Colonial Security Dilemma : Timor-Leste and the International Community. 1. Timor-Leste Foreign relations. 2. National security Timor-Leste. 3. Self-determination, National Timor-Leste. I. Title. DS649.7 S89 2019 ISBN 978-981-4818-40-7 (soft cover) ISBN 978-981-4818-41-4 (E-book PDF) Typeset by International Typesetters Pte Ltd Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd 00 TimorLeste-Prelims-5P.indd 4
Contents List of Tables vii Acknowledgements viii 1. Introduction 2. The Struggle for Recognition: Territorialization, Self-determination and the Imagining of East Timor 35 3. The Politics of Recognition: East Timor and the International Community 59 4. Establishing Legitimacy: International State-building in East Timor 95 5. Timor-Leste s Aspirational Foreign Policy 123 6. Identity Hedging: Timor-Leste s Engagement with Intergovernmental Organizations 161 7. Timor-Leste s National Security Agenda 199 8. Securing Economic Sovereignty 235 9. International Reconciliation and Transitional Justice 272 10. Conclusion: Timor-Leste in the Changing Regional Order 00 TimorLeste-Prelims-5P.indd 5 1 303
vi Contents Postscript 339 Bibliography 340 Index 387 About the Author 402 00 TimorLeste-Prelims-5P.indd 6
List of Tables 1.1 Key Foreign Policy Actors 16 3.1 Voting Record of Southeast Asian States in the UNGA on the Question of East Timor, 1975 82 71 3.2 Voting Records of the CPLP States in the UNGA on the Question of East Timor, 1975 82 75 4.1 List of International Missions in East Timor 99 vii 00 TimorLeste-Prelims-5P.indd 7
acknowledgements There have been several names accorded to East Timor, including Portuguese Timor, Timor-Leste and Timor Loro sa e. Upon achieving independence, the official title of the state became the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. The English term East Timor is used when discussing the pre-independence period, and Timor-Leste when describing the independent sovereign state. Parts of the research in the book has been published earlier as journal articles. Chapter seven uses research from East Timor s Emerging National Security Agenda: Establishing Real Independence, Asian Security 9, no. 3 (2013): 185 210; chapter nine reproduces parts of The Indonesia Timor-Leste Commission of Truth and Friendship: Enhancing Bilateral Relations at the Expense of Justice, Contemporary Southeast Asia 36, no. 2 (2014): 232 61; and chapters two and three employ sections of Contested Self-determination: East Timor and Indonesia s Battle over Borders, International Law and Ethnic Identity, Journal of Pacific History 49, no. 4 (2014): 469 94. I am grateful to the publishers for permission to reproduce sections of these articles in this book. I am incredibly appreciative for the conversations I have shared with academics, politicians, international relations practitioners and others about Timor-Leste s foreign policy in Dili and beyond. I remain indebted to those who kindly read drafts and offered constructive criticism: Dr Jasmine Westendorf, Dr Beth Edmondson, Dr Benjamin Habib and Dr Kumuda Simpson. I am thankful for your wisdom, generosity and advice. A special thanks goes to Andrew Reynolds for providing excellent assistance in compiling data. I am grateful to my tremendous colleagues and friends within the Department of Politics and Philosophy at La Trobe University viii 00 TimorLeste-Prelims-5P.indd 8
Acknowledgements ix for the ongoing support and useful and constructive discussions. In particular, I am thankful for the support of the Head of Department Associate Professor Gwenda Tavan. I am also grateful to the La Trobe School of Humanities and Social Sciences and College of Arts, Social Science and Commerce for providing funding for this research, La Trobe Asia and Professor Nick Bisley for the valuable advice and support, and to ISEAS Publishing for assistance over the course of completing the manuscript. On a personal note, I would also like to acknowledge the ongoing support and good humour of my fabulous family and friends. In particular, this book would not have been written without the immeasurable generosity of my wonderful husband Lincoln: words fail to describe just how grateful I am every day for your encouragement, kindness and love. 00 TimorLeste-Prelims-5P.indd 9