ATOMIC DIPLOMACY, CONTAINMENT, AND EAST ASIAN DIPLOMACY By: Angelica Narvaez
Cold War in Europe and United States
Baruch Plan (1946) v During the time, the US pretty much had a monopoly on atomic bombs v Some of Truman s cabinets argued to share atomic secrets in order to avoid Soviet suspicion v Some were greatly opposed because they thought the Soviets could not be trusted v After the US bombed Japan, the international community wanted a way to avoid and regulate the use of atomic energy for destructive purposes as well as prevent nuclear proliferation v Growing public concern v In 1946, the US proposed the formation of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) v Designed to oversee the discussions about the use of nuclear technology
Baruch Plan (1946) v First proposal was the Acheson-Lilienthal Report v Intended to be a foundation for a system of regulations v Authors included people who were in the Manhattan Project like J. Robert Oppenheimer v Called for international ownership and operation of all dangerous nuclear activities v Issued that nuclear activities must not be left to national hands and warned the risks of national rivalries v US would relinquish bombs
Baruch Plan (1946) v Bernard Baruch proposed the Baruch Plan v Proposed international regulation and management of uranium v Proposed to inspect nuclear production facilities v US would maintain its nuclear weapons monopoly until the plan was in full effect v Vetoes would not be allowed to protect those who violate the proposal, punishment will be strictly enforced
Soviet Response to Plan v The Soviets rejected the plan by using their Security Council veto v Did not want their veto to be eliminated because it would deprive them of acquiring nuclear weapons v Stalin determined to create about nuclear weapons v Scientists working on the Soviet atomic bomb project were threatened to be murdered if they did not produce atomic bombs v One scientists from the US committed treason to give Soviets blueprints of atomic bomb v Soviets submitted a counter proposal v Prohibit proliferation, but violations would enforce domestic punishment v Commission reached an impasse v Thought that agreement to prevent nuclear proliferation was not enough
Results and Significance v The rejection of the plan allowed the nuclear arms race between the US and the Soviet Union v Enabled the US and Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons, like the hydrogen bomb, MIRV missiles, and the neutron bomb v Eventually the Soviet Union carried out their first atomic bomb test
Iron Curtain v The term originated from Winston Churchill s Sinews of Peace Speech v From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. v Describes the metaphoric barrier that the Soviet Union created to isolate them and the regions they controlled from the rest of Europe v Painted the Soviet Union as an evil force that forced countries into submission v Satellite nations were forbidden to form relationships with western countries
Iron Curtain
OPCVL (Origin) v https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5vuvjwq v http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html v The Sinews of Peace by Winston Churchill v Delivered on March 5,1946 v Took place at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri
OPCVL (Purpose) v Invoke a more active role from the US regarding Soviet Union diplomacy and policies v If the Western Democracies stand together in strict adherence to the principles will be immense and no one is likely to molest them. If however they become divided of falter in their duty and if these all-important years are allowed to slip away then indeed catastrophe may overwhelm us all. v Call for a UK-US alliance, especially against the Soviet Union and their actions v Neither the sure prevention of war, nor the continuous rise of world organization will be gained without what I have called the fraternal association of the English-speaking peoples. v This means a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States of America. v Paint the Soviets as a significant threat that forces other nations under their communist influence v From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow v What they desire is the fruits of war and the indefinite expansion of their power and doctrines.
OPCVL (Value) v Shows the increasing tensions during the initial phases of the Cold War v In those days there were high hopes and unbounded confidence that the wars were over and that the League of Nations would become all-powerful. I do not see or feel that same confidence or event he same hopes in the haggard world at the present time. v But what we have to consider here today while time remains, is the permanent prevention of war and the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy as rapidly as possible in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers will not be removed by closing our eyes to them. They will not be removed by mere waiting to see what happens; nor will they be removed by a policy of appeasement. v Reflects how the US came to perceive the Soviet Union v After the speech, the US government decided to prevent Soviet Union s communist expansion by enforcing tough policies
OPCVL (Limitation) v Did not consider the Soviet perspective v Stalin deemed the speech as war mongering v Extremely biased towards portraying the Soviets in a negative light v From what I have seen of our Russian friends and Allies during the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire so much as strength, and there is nothing for which they have less respect than for weakness, especially military weakness. For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound. v Political speech meant to persuade, meaning that some of the details might be exaggerated or include too much praise v Ladies and gentlemen, the United States stands at this time at the pinnacle of world power. It is a solemn moment for the American Democracy. For with primacy in power is also joined an aweinspiring accountability to the future. v In front of the iron curtain which lies across Europe are other causes for anxiety
Truman Doctrine v March 12, 1947 v Economic and military aid to Turkey and Greece in order to save them from communism and totalitarian government v Greece was in the middle of civil war while Turkey was under the threat of a Soviet invasion v Truman claimed that not giving aid to Turkey and Greece would result in democracy being in danger all around the world v Congress approved and gave him $400 million v Showed the intensity of the US to stop the spread of communism
Marshall Plan (1948) v Formally known as European Recovery Act v Designed to fix and stabilize the economy of 17 western and southern European countries in an attempt to help them establish democratic institutions v US wanted to ensure that post war era (unemployment and poverty) would not drive people towards communist ideals v Financed by US v Originally included most European nations even those under Soviet occupation v But Soviets disapproved of the plan which caused Eastern nations under their control to withdraw forcibly v Showed the influence of Soviets v In the final draft, the following countries were included: v Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and western Germany v Proposed by George C. Marshall who was Secretary of State to President Truman v US Congress authorized the act on April 3, 1948 which President Truman signed into law
Marshall Plan (1948) - Administration v Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) created under Paul G. Hoffman in order to carry out the plan v Provided about $13 billion ($130,289,194,915,254) over the next four years in order to improve their agriculture, industry, trade, and economy overall v Came in the form of grants (majority) and loans v Committee of European Economic Cooperation (led by UK and France) was created to organize the program v Replaced by Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
Marshall Plan (1948) - Results v Very successful v Western European countries involved had a gross national products rise of 15 to 25 percent v Improved industries like steel as well as expanded their sciences (engineering, chemical research) v Since it was so successful, Truman expanded the plan with the Point Four Program during 1949 v Soviet Response v Stalin wanted to tighten Soviet control in satellite nations v Ordered Czechoslovak communists to control the only Eastern European state that had retained a democratic government v Carried out Berlin Blockade
Point Four Program v Outgrowth of the Marshall Plan v Designed to economically aid underdeveloped countries v Mostly focused on technical assistance like agriculture, health, and education v Wanted to stimulate private investment capital in the nations involved v Policy used to persuade nonaligned nations to join US side
Berlin Blockade v After WW2 Germany was divided into occupation zones. French, British, and US controlled West Germany while Soviet the East v Microcosm for occupation zones in city of Berlin, which was located in East Germany v Western allied forces (France, UK, and US) wanted to introduce the deutsche mark as a form of currency for all of West Berlin v This along with the Marshall Plan drove Stalin to carry out a blockade in Berlin in an attempt to force Western Allies to yield their power and control over the West side of the city v Did not want a powerful West Germany that he could not control v Blocked railways, roads, and waterways that connected Berlin to West v Cut off electricity in West Berlin and further rationed their rations v Claimed that Allies no longer had rights to the city
Germany Occupation Map
Berlin Airlift (1948-49) v In response, western allies carried out an airlift to free the city and provide resources for the trapped civilians v Established 3 secured air routes that planes to take in order to fly resources to the city v Lasted for 11 months, until May 12, 1949 when Soviet lifted the blockade v Total cost of $224 million and [delivered] 2,323,738 tons of food, fuel, machinery, and other supplies
National Security Council Paper #68 (1950) v Presented to President Truman on April 14, 1950 v Created by CIA, State Department, and Defense Department v Took 4 months to create v Reasons for its creation v Believed that US military was becoming dangerously inadequate against the increasing threat of Soviets and communism v Soviet atomic bomb project in which they detonated first bomb in 1949 v China s communist government after the Chinese Civil War v Truman wanted to rethink US Cold War Diplomacy because of these events
National Security Council Paper #68 (1950) v Discussed militarized containment strategy of the US against the Soviet Union v Stated that the US and the Soviet were the only two superpowers in the world and the Soviet Union was a threat who wanted to impose control over everyone v Japan, Germany, France, and GB were destabilized by the war v Called for the containment of Soviet expansion v Formed basis for US Cold War strategies and policies v Called for full mobilization of US economy during peacetime v Unprecedented v Money spent on defense v Moved us closer to full out wartime v New nuclear technology and weapons v Developed hydrogen bomb
National Security Council Paper #68 (1950) v Truman was extremely hesitant to fund the policies discussed in the report v Did not want to increase taxes for American people v Korean War provoked action v Increasing communist influence gained the support of the public
Theory of Containment (Containment Policy) v Originated from George Kennan v Advocated for policies in which Soviets were "contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counterforce" v Discussed his theory in an article named The Sources of Soviet Conduct which was published in Foreign Affairs v What was it? v Idea that the US must use its full power to stop the growth of communism and free those who are imprisoned by it v Simultaneously promote capitalism and democracy v Most associated with President Truman s policies v Policies that enforced it v NATO, a mutual defense pact
Cold War in East Asia
Chinese Civil War (1927-1950) v In its core, was a fight for power and legitimacy between the Nationalist Party Kuomintang (KMT) and Communists Party of China (CPC) v KMT led by Chiang Kai-Shek while the CPC led by Mao Zedong
Background (1920s) v After the Xinhai Revolution ended Chinese dynastic rule, a power vacuum appeared and the country was left in unrest v Warlords and foreign invaders (mostly Japanese) tried to take control of China v Kuomintang government, led by Sun Yat-Sen, tried to unify China v Carried out Northern Expedition v Fought against local warlords and the Beiyang (Peiyang) government with the help of Soviets
Background (1920s) v Overtime Chiang, who superseded Sun as leader of the party, grew suspicious of communists and ordered communist leaders executed v Soviets also supported the growing CPC v Communists in the Kuomintang Party were expelled v In response, communists and peasants revolted, but were defeated v Mao Zedong took advantage of this and fully established and grew the CPC v Carried out the Long March, the 6,000 mile journey of communists across western China v During the Sino-Japanese War threatened China which prompted both parties to unite briefly
Continuation of Civil War (1946-49) v After WW2 was over, fighting ensued v Initially, Nationalists had the advantages: more troops, more weapons, more support from people, aided by the US v US deemed its support as neutrality against communism v Overtime, CPC increased in power and control of northern China as they invaded and conquered more land v The more they controlled, the more communism did v Mao Zedong and his party practiced guerilla warfare to weaken Chiang s forces
Weakening of Kuomintang (1946-49) v Widespread corruption, political conflicts, economic chaos weakened the party v Hyperinflation wrecked the middle class, which was where most of the party s support came from v Political suppression weakened party support from communist critics
Outcome (1946-49) v Weakening of Nationalists made it easier for Mao Zedong to conquer more cities and eventually gain control of China v Mao appealed to the peasants and their hardships during the war v Beijing fell to communist hands v Mao established the People s Republic of China v Chiang and Kuomintang Party were exiled to Taiwan where they created the Republic of China v China backed communist North Korea in Korean War v Sino-Soviet Treaty signed by Stalin and Mao which recognized People s Republic of China and declared that both countries would back each other if one was attacked v Communist influence officially spreading in Asia
Effects of US Psyche (1946-49) v China s fall to communism made US paranoid about secret communist invasions, especially from within the government v Senator Joseph R. McCarthy asserted that he knew 205 US communist officials without proper evidence v Incited a wave of suspicion within the government v Where McCarthyism came from
Reconstruction of Japan v Great Britain, Soviet Union, Republic of China, and the US discussed how to disarm Japan, deal with its colonies, stabilize the Japanese economy, and prevent the remilitarization of the state in the future after WW2 v In the Potsdam Declaration, they called for unconditional surrender of Japan v General Douglas MacArthur led the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP) which would oversee reconstruction v 3 phases v Retribution and reform v Economic revival and stabilization v Formal treaty and alliance
Retribution and Reform (1945-47) v Punished Japan for its actions by holding trials for war crimes in Tokyo v SCAP disassembled the Japanese Army and prohibited military officers from pursuing a political role in the government v Created land reforms to benefit small farmers and reduce power of rich landowners v Tried to break up large business conglomerates in order to establish a free-market system v Proposed a new Constitution v Emperor will be reduced to a figurehead v More power to a parliamentary system v More rights for women (suffrage) v Free elections v Abandon right to wage war
Economic Revival and Stabilization (1947-50) v Some refer to it as the reverse course v Western allies were rowing concerned that the economic troubles of Japan would make them more susceptible to communist ideals and spur a communist movement v Cannot let this happen since China was slowly succumbing to communist forces v Introduced tax reforms and tried to control inflation v Korean War made Japan the principal supply depot for UN forces which solved its problem of having a lack of raw materials for industries in finished goods
Formal Treaty and Alliance (1950-55) v Remilitarization of Japan no longer the main concern of US, instead it was the expansion of communism v Treaty of San Francisco v Established terms of alliance and peace v US allowed to keep its military bases in the country v Japan recognized Korea as independent v Renounced rights to Taiwan, the Pescadores, the Kurils, southern Sakhalin, and the Pacific islands v Taiwanese officials argued that Taiwan is its own independent country because their status was not specifically determined after Japanese renunciation v Japan joined the UN in 1956
Chinese Involvement v Prime Minister Yoshida initially tried to delay supporting either People s Republic of China or Republic of China (Taiwan) v U.S. negotiator John Foster Dulles persuaded him that the treaty not pass in the U.S. Senate unless Japan recognizes Taiwan. v Japan negotiated a peace treaty with them and trade developed with Taiwan v Overtime, trade and relations decline with mainland China due to their lack of diplomatic ties v However, during the 1970s Japan normalized relations with China and cut off ties with Taiwan
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