DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0001 Lessons in Sustainable Development from Japan and South Korea
Comparative Studies of Sustainable Development in Asia Series Editor: Sara Hsu, Assistant Professor, SUNY New Paltz, USA This series examines sustainable development in various countries in Asia, using a common framework with which to explore social, economic and environmental regulations and practices such as water pollution and consumption, income inequality and healthcare, and biodiversity. In each Palgrave Pivot book of about 30,000 words, we explore the sustainable development frameworks of two countries, laying out their progress in this area and comparing the two to highlight policy recommendations. The consistent sustainable framework applied to each country allows us to examine and compare sustainable development sub-topics across countries, and to clearly note the gaps in progress among countries. The common framework also allows us to highlight, among countries, which policies and experiments have been most successful. Titles include: Sara Hsu, Michio Naoi and Wenjie Zhang LESSONS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA Sara Hsu LESSONS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM CHINA & TAIWAN DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0001
Lessons in Sustainable Development from Japan and South Korea Sara Hsu Assistant Professor, State University of New York at New Platz, USA Michio Naoi Associate Professor, Keio University, Japan and Wenjie Zhang Researcher, University of Texas at Austin, USA DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0001
Lessons in Sustainable Development from Japan and South Korea Copyright Sara Hsu, Michio Naoi and Wenjie Zhang, 2014. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978 1 137 34539 4 All rights reserved. First published in 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN in the United States a division of St. Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978 1 137 34098 6 PDF ISBN: 978-1-349-46647-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. First edition: 2014 www.palgrave.com/pivot doi: 10.1057/9781137340986
To my daughter, Asya (SH) To my daughter, Jane (WZ) DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0001
Contents List of Figures List of Tables About the Authors vii ix xi Introduction 1 1 Theoretical Framework 3 2 Sustainable Development in Japan and South Korea 8 3 Sustainable Development Programs and Experiments 87 4 Directions for Future Study 92 Conclusion 96 References 98 Index 111 vi DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0001
List of Figures 1.1 The interaction of geography, economic structure, well-being, and environment 4 2.1 Energy consumption by sector, 1970 2011 15 2.2 Production of electricity by power source in Japan, 2003 2012 16 2.3 Changes in sulfur dioxide concentration, 1973 2011 25 2.4 Average annual hours actually worked per person in employment 28 2.5 Government debt and social expenditure in Japan, 1980 2009 29 2.6 Industrial water use and water recycling in Japan, 1965 2010 30 2.7 Vehicle ownership in Japan, 1970 2011 31 2.8 R&D expenditure in selected countries, 1991 2012 34 2.9 Household consumption by different purposes, 2001 2012 52 2.10 Demographic change in South Korea, 1980 2010 55 2.11 Female labor force participation in selected OECD countries, 2000 2012 55 2.12 Gender wage gap among OECD countries in 2011 56 2.13 Gross public water supply (million m 3 ) 59 2.14 Total groundwater extraction per capita (million m 3 ) 59 DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0002 vii
viii List of Figures 2.15 South Korea fixed broadband Internet subscribers, mobile subscriptions and Internet users per 100 people, 1986 2012 68 2.16 Demographic change in South Korea, 1980 2010 73 2.17 The percentage of social expenditure in total government expenditure of South Korea, 1990 2009 74 DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0002
List of Tables 2.1 Air pollution and monitoring stations in Japan, 1970 2010 10 2.2 CO 2 emissions and factor decomposition in Japan 17 2.3 Land use in Japan, 1975 2010 (10 thousand ha, %) 19 2.4 Natural disasters and the number of people killed in Japan, 1900 2014 21 2.5 Aggregate material flows in Japan, 1990 2010 (in 100 million tons) 24 2.6 Gender wage and job tenure gap in 2011 28 2.7 Energy supply and demand in Japan, 1990 2012 (in 10 15 J [PJ]) 42 2.8 Growth in energy, economic, demographic, and environmental indicators for Korea, 1981 2007 48 2.9 South Korea and life expectancy 61 2.10 Main causes of diseases in South Korea, 2011 63 2.11 Tobacco consumption of males, percentage of male population (15+) who are daily smokers in OECD countries 64 2.12 Government expenditure for R&D by socio-economic objective (1999 2011) 66 2.13 Nationality of foreign residents in South Korea in 2012 70 2.14 Poverty rate by age groups (2006 2011) 72 2.15 Crime rates of South Korea (1991 2012) (unit: per thousand) 75 DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0003 ix
x List of Tables 2.16 Crime types and the percentage of total crimes in 2011 and 2012 75 2.17 The perception of ordinary Korean on corruption within Korea 77 2.18 Attained below upper secondary education, 25 34 year-olds (%) 78 2.19 Attained a tertiary education degree, 25 34 year-olds (%) 80 DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0003
About the Authors Sara Hsu is an assistant professor of economics at the State University of New York at New Paltz. She specializes in Chinese economic development, informal finance, and shadow banking. She has published one of the only English language books on the topic of Chinese informal finance, entitled Informal Finance in China: American and Chinese Perspectives, as well as one of the only Chineselanguage books on Chinese shadow banking. Sara has also published a number of articles and books on the topics of sustainable development, financial crises, and trade. Prior to working at the State University of New York at New Paltz, Sara was a visiting professor at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas, and adjunct professor at the University of Texas at San Antonio and St Edward s University in Austin, Texas. She has also worked in the dot-com industry in New York. Sara earned her PhD from the University of Utah and her BA from Wellesley College. Michio Naoi is an associate professor at Keio University, where he holds joint appointments in the Faculty of Economics and the Panel Data Research Center, and is also a board member of the Asian Real Estate Society. He received his PhD in economics from Keio University in 2008. His research interests include housing market regulation and institutions; housing demand and house price dynamics; urban environment; and economic analysis of natural disasters. Recent publications have appeared in Regional Science and Urban Economics, Journal of Real Estate DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0004 xi
xii About the Authors Finance and Economics, Journal of Economic Issues, and Journal of Property Research, among others. Wenjie Zhang s research primarily focuses on the measurement of income inequality on a world scale. She is also interested in evaluating the social and political impacts of unbalanced development on different societies. As a leading member of the University of Texas Inequality Project, she publishes in different journals and conferences. During several summers, Wenjie has worked at the United Nations Development Program on African and other issues. Since February 2013 she has worked as a research consultant at the World Bank. Wenjie holds a Master s in statistics from the University of Texas at Austin and a Master s in Russian Studies from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. She received her bachelor degrees in economics and Russian from Peking University, China. DOI: 10.1057/9781137340986.0004