Chapter 1 : The Age of Atlantic Revolutions [blog.quintoapp.com] a philosophical and scientific revolution in which people were encouraged to question the most basic principles of their life. This lead to numerous social and political upheavals. An idea formulated by John Locke that basically stated that rulers receive their power from the people that they govern. He was a large supporter of popular sovereignty. He was inspired by the United States in North America, and that was his goal â to create a huge confederation of states similar to that of the United States. This was drafted by Thomas Jefferson in It expressed the ideas of popular sovereignty, which was thought up by John Locke. An idea that called for gradual change that came about by general consensus, but condemned radical or revolutionary change, which could possibly lead to anarchy. A movement that sought to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine. This in turn led to tense relationships between Jewish peoples and Palestinians who were displaced by Jewish settlers. An idea that accepted all sorts of change as normal. They considered conservatives as people who were trying to justify the status quo, maintain the privileges enjoyed by favored classes, and avoid dealing with social inequality in societies. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen: A document from the French Revolution that was influenced by the Declaration of Independence. In turn, this influenced other revolutionary movements Italian and German Unification: This was progressed by Prime Minister Bismarck, who by leading successful military expansions against Denmark, Austria, and France, swelled German pride. The Civil Code was a reformed civil law under the reign of Napoleon. This helped stabilize French society by establishing a merit-based society and affirming the legal and political equality of all adult men. This code also protected private property. This was a revolution in which the slaves revolted against the French. At the time, this was the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Although Napoleon sent 40, troops to retake the colony, the newly proclaimed Haitians, sent them packing with the aid of yellow fever ravaging the French troops. The catalyst for this was Elizabeth Cady Stanton She organized a conference of feminists who met at Seneca Falls in, and at this they decided on twelve demands that the government pass so that they would have equal rights as men. What did all the revolutions have in common? All the major revolutions of this time period, those of the Haitians, the French, the American, and those in Latin America, were inspired by the Enlightenment ideals of freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty. The difference between the revolutions, however, lied in those who led them. In Haiti, it was the slaves who far outnumbered the suppressing French. In France, it was the common folk who abolished the monarchy, and established a republic. In America, they threw off British rule, while those in Latin America were led by Creole elites against the ruling Spanish and Portuguese. The Enlightenment ideals, especially those thought up by John Locke and published in his book Second Treatise of Civil Government in, were found at the very core of these afore mentioned major revolutions. At the center of these ideals were the most famous three â freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty, the last of which was coined by John Locke himself. These were considered by those who participated in the revolutions to be obligations of the government to its people â and they were not being met. Therefore, as revolutions began to occur, a domino effect happened, and just like that, colonies were declaring their independence left and right. Haiti is the only time in history where an independence movement led by slaves has succeeded. The French settlers there were outnumber by tens to hundreds of thousands, as then called Saint Domingue was primarily a plantation state. After the slaves took over, Napoleon sent 40, troops in an attempt to retake the newly proclaimed Haiti, however the former slaves prevailed with the aid of yellow fever ravaging French troops. In contrast, high ranking Creoles in South America led revolts against Portugal and Spain in a fight for their independence. This was also similar to the American Revolution, where prominent patriotic American figures are credited with the beginning of the American Revolution. Both of these previous two were not radical revolutions; however, they were efficient and successful in their attempts. The French Revolution is by far the most extreme and radical. Large numbers of harsh killings occurred, such as the beheading of King Louis XVI, and the Revolutionist government was Page 1
incredibly unstable. Page 2
Chapter 2 : Chapter Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World by kelsey wolschlager on Prezi Learn revolutions and national states in the atlantic world with free interactive flashcards. Choose from different sets of revolutions and national states in the atlantic world flashcards on Quizlet. Tom Paine, the author of Common Sense, permits a biographical glimpse of the larger currents of revolutionary change in this period. Paine was English-born and had been in the American colonies less than two years when he wrote what would become the most popular publication of the American Revolution. Paine foresaw that the struggle to create an independent republic free of monarchy was a cause of worldwide importance. For Paine, success would make America "an asylum for all mankind. Paine also served as a politician in revolutionary France. His international role reveals some of the connections among different countries in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions. When word of the French Revolution spread to the enslaved blacks on plantations in Haiti, 13 years of rebellion and war ensued. The end of the Haitian Revolution marked the beginning of the first independent black nation in the west. The French Revolution surely sprung from important internal dynamics, but the connection between the French struggle that began in and the American Revolution was widely acknowledged at the time. As a symbol of the close relationship, the new French government sent President Washington the key to the door of the Bastille, the prison that had been destroyed by a Parisian revolutionary crowd in one of the great collective actions of the French Revolution. For a time, most Americans celebrated the French overthrow of an absolutist monarch in favor of a constitutional government. However, in and the French Revolution took a new turn with the beheading of the king. Thus began a period of radicalization that saw significant action on behalf of oppressed groups from the poor to women to racial outcasts. Unfortunately, this period was also marked by rapidly rising violence that was often sanctioned by the revolutionary government. This violence swept beyond the boundaries of the French revolutionary republic, as it soon became locked in a war that lasted to against a coalition of traditional European powers headed by Great Britain. Americans heralded the French Revolution as the coming of an age of democratic governance on both sides of the Atlantic. This painting, Fall of the Bastille illustrates the bloody events of July 14, Domingue in the Caribbean. Long years of violent conflict followed that ended with the creation of the independent black-run Republic of Haiti in The United States had been joined by a second republican experiment in the New World. In comparison to the French and Haitian Revolutions, the lack of radical change in the American Revolution is glaring. The benefits of the American Revolution for the poor, for women, and, perhaps most of all, for enslaved people, were very limited. Nevertheless, the American Revolution did transform American society in meaningful ways and it accomplished its changes with comparatively little bloody violence. Most notably of all, the American Revolution created new republican political institutions that proved to be remarkably stable and long lasting. As Abraham Lincoln viewed it half a century later on the verge of the Civil War, the Union had to prevail so that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Thomas Paine Few have been involved in as much history as Thomas Paine. After his involvement in the American Revolution, Paine returned to his native England and became a key figure of the French Revolution! Read his pivotal essay The Rights of Man along with the rest of his major writings, view a classic portrait, and peruse one of several biographies all at this Thomas Paine National Historical Association site. The Haitian Revolution Brought to you by Washington State University, this chapter of their "African Diaspora" series gives a good overview of the causes and the conflict itself. Not a whole lot of depth here, but a good place to get your bearings. Paine celebrated the French uprising and was forced to flee England for doing so. Go and have a look at a portrait of Paine and the first few pages of the pamphlet, and learn of the amazing impact those words had on the world. Page 3
Chapter 3 : Chapter 29 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World - mzzyzx Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Wait just a minute here In order to access these resources, you will need to sign in or register for the website (takes literally 1 minute!) and contribute 10 documents to the CourseNotes library. Travel over land was difficult and expensive, so settlements were made along the coast, especially where rivers allowed small boats to travel inland. Distant settlements were linked by elaborate sea-based trading networks. Since the easiest and cheapest way of long-distance travel was by sea, international trading networks emerged in the Atlantic world, with major hubs at London, Amsterdam, Boston, and Havana. Time was a factor, as sailing ships averaged about 2 knots speed 50 miles a day. Navigators had to rely on maps of currents or they would be becalmed for days or weeks. The West Coast of Africa played a special role as the source of slave labor. The main empires that built the Atlantic world were the British, [9] French, [10] Spanish [11], Portuguese [12] and Dutch; [13] entrepreneurs from the United States played a role as well after Environmental history[ edit ] The beginning of extensive contact between Europe, Africa, and the Americas had sweeping implications for the environmental and demographic history of all the regions involved. European and African immigrants also had very high death rates on their arrival, but they could be and were replaced by new shipments of immigrants see the Population history of American indigenous peoples. Many foods that are common in present-day Europe, including corn maize and potatoes, originated in the New World and were unknown in Europe before the sixteenth century. Similarly, some staple crops of present-day West Africa, including cassava and peanuts, originated in the New World. Some of the staple crops of Latin America, such as coffee and sugarcane, were introduced by European settlers in the course of the Columbian Exchange. European powers typically had vast territories that they wished to exploit through agriculture, mining, or other extractive industries, but they lacked the work force that they needed to exploit their lands effectively. Consequently, they turned to a variety of coercive labor systems to meet their needs. At first the goal was to use native workers. Native Americans were employed through Indian slavery and through the Spanish system of encomienda. The Indians too often preferred to die of starvation rather than be slaves, so the plantation owners turned to African slaves via the Atlantic slave trade. European workers arrived as indentured servants or transported felons who went free after a term of labor. Roughly three quarters of immigrants to the Americas before were African, and more than half of these Africans were originally from West or Central Africa. In Brazil, the population percentage of Africans was even higher, with about seven African to every one Portuguese immigrant. In the early colonial period, there was a high prevalence of African spiritual practices, such as spirit possessions and healing practices. Presumably, these practices served as a point of connection and as an identity hold for slaves hailing from the same African origin. In many cases, European authorities viewed spiritual positions that were highly esteemed in African societies to be socially unacceptable, morally corrupt, and heretical. This led to the disappearance or transformation of most African religious practices. For example, the practice of consulting kilundu, or Angolan spirits, was seen as homosexual by Portuguese authorities, [20] a clear example of Eurocentrism in colonial societies, as European ideas of religion often did not match African ones. Unfortunately, there is a lack of documents written from the African point of view, so almost all information from this time period in these colonial societies is subject to cross-cultural misinterpretation, omission of facts, or other such changes that could affect the quality of description of African spiritual practices. Many European nations, particularly the Netherlands and France, only managed to send a few thousand voluntary immigrants. Though 15, or so who came to New France multiplied rapidly. In New Netherland, the Dutch coped by recruiting immigrants of other nationalities. Brazil was last nation in the Western Hemisphere to end slavery, in Governance[ edit ] The Spanish conquistadores conquered the Aztec empire in present-day Mexico and the Inca empire in present-day Peru with ease, assisted by horses, guns, and above all by the devastating mortality inflicted by newly introduced diseases such as Page 4
smallpox. To some extent the prior emergence of the Inca and Aztec empires as regional powers aided the transfer of governance to the Spanish, since these native empires had already established road systems, state bureaucracies and systems of taxation and intensive agriculture that were in some cases inherited wholesale by the Spanish. The early Spanish conquerors of these empires were also aided by political instability and internal conflict within the Aztec and Incan regimes, which they successfully exploited to their benefit. The result was strong government that became even stronger during the Bourbon reforms of the 18th century. The North American Thirteen Colonies developed a system of home rule and democratic self-government. Usually only property owners could vote but since so many free men owned property a majority could and did vote. It was the British threat against home rule, and its demand for control of taxation, that led to the American Revolution in the s. The revolutionaries in each country knew of the others and to some degree were inspired or emulated them. In the s the Haitian Revolution broke out, with large-scale killings. With Spain tied down in European wars, the mainland Spanish colonies secured independence around They spread widely the ideals of republicanism, the overthrow of aristocracies, kings and established churches. They emphasized the universal ideals of The Enlightenment, such as the equality of all men. They emphasized equal justice under law by disinterested courts, as opposed to particular justice handed down at the whim of a local noble. They showed that the modern notion of revolution, of starting fresh with a radically new government, could actually work in practice. Revolutionary mentalities were born and continue to flourish to the present day. Atlantic history Historian Bernard Bailyn traces the concept of the Atlantic world to an editorial published by journalist Walter Lippmann in British North America or Spanish America. Atlantic world history differs from traditional approaches to the history of colonization in its emphasis on inter-regional and international comparisons and its attention to events and trends that transcended national borders. Atlantic world history also emphasizes how the colonization of the Americas reshaped Africa and Europe. Page 5
Chapter 4 : Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World - Essay Samples AP World History - Ch. 28 - Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World dtoyamaabcusd. Loading Unsubscribe from dtoyamaabcusd? Cancel Unsubscribe. Working. Hide Images The ideas of the Enlightenment challenged the long-term assumptions about sovereignty, and instead proposed that A true government stems from religious authority. B the best form of government is a democracy. C governments are bound to the will of the people. D all government is inherently unjust; humans are better off living in a state of nature. E church and state should be entirely separate. B they were united in the cause of freedom. C colonial militias were more disciplined and better marksmen than were British troops. D the French and the Dutch decided to support them against the British. E All these answers are correct. Constitution is the principle of A universal male suffrage. B the abolition of slavery. A a staggering national debt B accusation of treason against Louis XVI C resentment at the privileges of the aristocracy D the extravagance of Marie Antoinette and the court at Versailles E the opportunity presented by the summoning of the Estates General B accusation of treason against Louis XVI 4 Which of the following was NOT one of the provisions of the new French constitution of? A France became a constitutional monarchy. B Church property was confiscated and clergy lost their privileged status. C Peasants were freed from the dues and services owed to their landlords. D All adult males were given the right to vote in national elections. E An elective, legislative body, the Convention, was established. B were proclaimed full citizens of the Republic. C lost economic power to their husbands. D were legally defined in terms of either their fathers or their husbands. E were granted the right to vote in national elections. A gained important property rights and the right to a divorce. B a military hero. C an opponent of Robespierre. D a supporter of Marie Antoinette. E None of these answers is correct. B equality under the law but not political freedom. C freedom of expression but only for the aristocracy. D all the rights of citizenship proclaimed by the National Assembly. A Five hundred gens de couleur were veterans of the American revolution. B The large maroon population supported the revolution. C Toussaint Louverture was an effective strategist. D The revolutionaries had the support of British and Spanish forces. E The French army was struck down with yellow fever. B that ethnic nationalism be the basis of the new states. D the abolition of slavery and full male suffrage. A masters and slaves B peninsulares and creoles C Europeans and indigenous peoples D Europeans and mestizos E colonial militias and European mercenaries B peninsulares and creoles 11 Which Latin American state gained independence as a monarchy? B limiting suffrage to men of property. C censorship as a reasonable means of preventing social unrest. D government support of the established church. B the confiscation of church property by the state. C universal suffrage for all men and women, regardless of race. D written constitutions and representative government. E the United States. B concurrent with the antislavery movement. C after the Civil War, when women saw how freed slaves benefited from the vote. D not until the twentieth century. C his frustrated desire to emigrate to America. D a religious revelation that European Jews should return to the Holy Land. E a wave of persecution against Jews living in the Ottoman empire. B he was the rightful heir to the Holy Roman Empire. C the wars engineered by Bismarck generated strong nationalist sentiment. D the Prussian army defeated all other claimants to the throne. Page 6
Chapter 5 : 29 REVOLUTIONS AND NATIONAL STATES IN THE - Mr. Davis' Virtual C Chapter Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Popular Sovereignty & Upheaval â p. The ideas of the Enlightenment led to world revolutions. This challenged the idea of divine right, or of rulers being naturally or supernaturally superior to the people they ruled. Enlightenment a philosophical and scientific revolution in which people were encouraged to question the most basic principles of their life. This lead to numerous social and political upheavals. John Locke formulated the of the most influential theories of contractual government. We will write a custom essay sample on Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World or any similar topic only for you We will write a custom essay sample on Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World or any similar topic only for you Order now Second Treatise of Civil Government held that government arose in the remote past when people decided to work together, form civil society, and appoint rulers to protect and promote their common interests. American Revolution when colonists resisted once the British attempted to reinvigorate imperial control. All men are equal, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Taxation without representation term for colonies revolting against the British high taxes. They thought they should have some representatives in the British Parliament. George Washington Strong military leader for the colonies against the British in the fight for independence. Estates General Three estates generals, and each represented a class of the French society, they represented the opinions of each class and they voted according to them. A weak ruler that tried and failed to change taxes to be for the rich too. Limited Monarchy the king or queen known as the monarch is the head of state, but abide by a constitution made by the people. These types of governments usually have a parliament in this case that would be The National Assembly. The Convention better known as the national convention it was a gathering of the legislative and constitutional people. They met and decided what to do about france and the king and queen. Robespierre was a french lawyer and one the most prominent politicians during his time. He supported the death penalty and the abolishment of slavery. He supported the equal rights of all men. Also supported the declaration of the rights of man and the citizens. Jacobins these were the people that maximilien robespierre was the leader of. They were of the extreme group of the revolutionist. Levee en masse refers to able bodied men to defend their country. It was used a more of a military term. By he had built a strong army and by he led an army of 20, that went on to control most of Saint-Domingue. He also wrote a Constitution that granted equality for all citizens. Liberals encouraged change and associated it with progress. Liberals also favored republican government. They believed Voting was a privilege and not a right. He condemned radical change. John Stuart Mill A liberal who was a philosopher, social reformist, and economist. He wanted minorities to be represented properly. He also opposed the wealthy to ensure freedoms for the poorly organized majority. He believed in having high personal income taxes and also pushed universal suffrage. William Wilberforce The leading spokesman of the anti-slavery movement in England during the late 18th century. He proposed the successful bill that ended the slave trade in England. Mary Astell A woman who wanted women to have equal rights as men. She argued that women had all rights that men had. A Vindication of the Rights of Women an influential essay written by Mary Wollstonecraft that argued that women possessed all the rights that Locke granted to men. She insisted on the right of women to education: Elizabeth Cady Stanton an American feminist who went to London to attend an antislavery conference but found that the organizers barred women from participation. She organized a conference of feminists who met at Seneca Falls, New York, in The conference passed twelve resolutions demanding that lawmakers grant women rights equivalent to those enjoyed by men. Nationalism intense feelings of national identity fueled ideologies of nationalism. Nationalist leaders maintained that their member of their national communities had a common destiny that they could best advance by organizing independent national states and resolutely pursuing their national interests. Extended to cultural nationalism â national thought sought to deepen appreciation for the historical experiences and the cultural accomplishments of the national community Page 7
Mazzini a nationalist activist who formed a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. Alfred Dreyfus the height of anti-semitism came with the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus by a military court. A Jewish army officer who was accused of spying for Germany in He was found innocent of the charges and eventually had the verdict reversed on appeal, Dreyfus was the focus of bitter debates about the trustworthiness of Jews in French society. The trial was a key event in the evolution of Zionism. Zionism the idea that the only defense against anti-semitism lay in the mass migration of Jews from all over the world to a land that they could call their own. Theodor Herzl he was a Jewish journalist from Vienna and was there at the Dreyfus trial. After the trial he concluded that anti- Semitism was a problem that the people could not solve. Chapter 6 : Atlantic World - Wikipedia Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World. The Consolidation of National States in Europe. Revolutions inspired citizens to develop national identities. Chapter 7 : Chapter Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Flashcards CourseNotes The American Revolution () Tightened British Control. Over Colonies. Declaration of Independence & Divided Loyalties. Building an Independent. Chapter 8 : Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World CourseNotes In leading the revolutions of South America, Simón Bolà var advocated A) that Spanish colonial rule be replaced with an indigenous monarchy. B) that ethnic nationalism be the basis of the new states. Chapter 9 : Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World c. National Assembly wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen" 3. "Liberty, equality, and fraternity" was the slogan and values of the National Assembly. Page 8