The West, Civil Society and the Construction of Peace

The West, Civil Society and the Construction of Peace

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The West, Civil Society and the Construction of Peace Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen Senior Research Fellow Institute for International Studies Copenhagen, Denmark

Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-51319-2 ISBN 978-0-230-51286-3 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230512863 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rasmussen, Mikkel Vedby, 1973 The West, civil society, and the construction of peace/ Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1 4039 1714 0(cloth) 1. Peaceful change (International relations). 2. Democracy. 3. Civil society. I. Title. JZ5597.R37 2003 327.1 72 091713 dc21 2003054758 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03

Contents Preface and Acknowledgements Abbreviations vi viii 1 Introduction: A Time for Peace 1 2 Imagine Peace 16 A peace called democracy 18 Civil society 30 Conclusions 40 3 A World Safe for Democracy, 1917 19 43 Victory without peace 48 The grand alliance of democracies 66 Making safe 72 What could you do after the Great War? 79 4 The Sinews of Peace, 1944 51 82 The lesson of Versailles 85 The problem of peaceful change 103 Positive security 112 Total peace 124 5 New World Orders, 1989 2001 127 Once again it is a time for peace 130 Globalisation, internationalism and empire 146 Keeping the peace: reflexive security 157 We are all Americans? 170 6 Conclusion: Ironic Democratic Peace Theory 174 Notes 189 Bibliography 192 Index 206 v

Preface and Acknowledgements I began studying the Western method of peacemaking because I wondered why the lessons of how peace was made after the end of the First and the Second World Wars were decisive arguments in the debate about the new world order after the Cold War. I soon discovered that the endings of the world wars prompted debates strikingly similar to the one taking place around me. The lessons of the peacemaking of one generation were important in the debates of the next generation because British, French and American statesmen shared the belief that civil societies could create perpetual peace. As I studied peace, the equally illusive concept of the West thus became clearer as an agent of peacemaking. At the beginning my task seemed to be to describe the historical context of organisations like NATO and the EU in order to explore their future ability to maintain the post-cold War order. As history unfolded following the Cold War it became clear that the end of a war is not only about making peace: security policies believed necessary to keep the peace are equally important. 11 September 2001 showed that a book on the Western way of peacemaking should include issues of security. This book began as a PhD project at the University of Copenhagen in 1997 and I worked on it continuously ever since. A lot of people helped me along the way. I am grateful to all, but I would particularly like to thank Jens Bartelson, David Gress, Bertel Heurlin, Ole Wæver and Mike Williams for asking difficult questions. I would also like to thank Christopher Coker for inspiring me to approach the questions of war and peace in this way. Furthermore, I appreciate the help of research assistants Nicolaj Egerod and Kristian Søby Kristensen, as I appreciate the efforts of Steven Gardner and Bent Hansen in polishing my English. Further, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewer at Palgrave Macmillan for thorough and thoughtful criticism. I would also like to thank Alison Howson and Beverley Tarquini at Palgrave. No one deserves greater thanks than my wife Anne, not only for exorcising most of my functionalist impulses from this study but most of all for a life which we construct together. I am grateful for the funding provided, at various stages in the project, from the Copenhagen Research Project on European Integration, the Danish Social Science Research Council and the Security and Defence Studies at the Institute for International Studies in Copenhagen. vi

Preface and Acknowledgements vii I acknowledge that the section on Globalisation, internationalism and empire in Chapter 5 draws on parts of my article A Parallel Globalization of Terror : 9 11, Security and Globalization, Cooperation and Conflict 37 (2002), pp. 323 49, published by Sage. Of course, these people or institutions are not responsible for any mistakes and misconceptions in what follows. Those are solely my responsibility. MIKKEL VEDBY RASMUSSEN Copenhagen

Abbreviations APEC CFE CSCE EC ECSC EDC EU FRG FRUS INF NAFTA NATO NBC NSC OEEC OSCE POW PPC PWW SPD START TECSC UN UNDP UNRRA WTO Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Conventional Forces Europe Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (from 1994, OSCE) European Community European Coal and Steel Community European Defence Community European Union Federal Republic of Germany Foreign Relations of the United States Intermediate Nuclear Forces North American Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Broadcasting Company National Security Council Organisation for European Economic Cooperation Organisation of Security and Cooperation in Europe Prisoner of War Paris Peace Conference Papers of Woodrow Wilson Sozialistische Partei Deutschlands, German Social Democratic Party Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Treaty of the European Coal and Steel Community United Nations United Nations Development Programme United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration World Trade Organization viii