Rita Schneider-Sliwa (Ed.) with Mihir Bhatt Recovering Slums Determinants of poverty and upward social mobility in urban slums Technical report for the funding agencies, submitted 2005 ISBN: 978-3-7965-2564-3 R. Schneider-Sliwa, Department of Geography, University of Basel, with M. Bhatt, All India Disaster Mitigation Institute, Ahmedabad 2008 All rights reserved Satellite image processing / GIS base-map: Jorg Wendel Databank management: Vipal Shah, Deepesh Sinha, Jorg Wendel GIS-map assistance: Jorg Wendel, Fiona Wieland Verification of survey results: Hasmukh Sadhu Editorial assistance: Katharina Conradin, Nadezhda Sliwa, Fiona Wieland Layout: Katharina Seider, Jennifer Whitebread, Charlotte Ciprian Cover Design: Nadezhda Sliwa, Selin Ciprian This research was funded by: The National Center of Competence in Research North - South Partnerships (NCCR North-South) of the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and the Swiss Academy of Sciences Commission for Research Partnerships with Developing Countries. The editors wish to thank Government authorities in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, the District of Kutch and the City of Bhuj, particularly: Government of Gujarat Labour and Employment Department, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, Kutch District and Bhuj Collectorate, Bhuj Area Development Authority. B 364838
Table of Contents 1 Slums, urban poverty and local strengths 1 R. Schneider-Sliwa with Mihir Bhatt 1.1 Introduction k. ^ 1 1.2 The objectives of the project 3 1.3 The relevance of GIS-based social science research in the process of development 3 1.4 Application of findings in the Indian planning context 5 1.5 Transfer of methods and results to capacity building in other regional contexts 6 2 Slums - most important form of urban living in the 21st century 7 A. Staub, P. Thum, J. Whitebread 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Definition of the term "slum" 7 2.3 Slums of hope and slums of despair 8 2.4 Slum location 11 2.5 Slums as global risk areas 11 2.6 Slums in India 12 3 Urban policy in India and Gujarat 13 V. Babbar 3.1 Vision statement 13 3.2 Overarching principles and objectives 13 3.3 Definition of "slum" in Gujarat, India 16 3.4 Motivation of community by mobilizing support of NGOs and CBOs 18 3.5 Financing mechanisms 19 3.6 Availing of national and state funds 20 3.7 Operation and maintenance 20 3.8 Shelter improvement 20 3.9 Land use classification 20 3.10 Special purpose vehicle (SPV) and its role 21 3.11 Residents' association 21 3.12 Transfer of titles to slum dwellers 21 3.13 Relaxation in rules for building permission 23 3.14 Creating of housing stock for urban poor 23 3.15 Legal reforms 24
JI Table of Contents 4 Differences in slums and poverty structures 25 R. Schneider-Sliwa 4.1 The slum communities under study 25 4.2 Religious and caste affiliation 26 4.3 Livelihood security, incomes and poverty 28 4.4 Ownership issues and shelter information 32 4.5 Access to health 32 4.6 Assistance/relief received (. 33 4.7 Own contributions, willingness to pay for services 33 4.8 Felt needs 34 4.9 Summary 34 5 Income differentials - household livelihood security 45 K. Conradin, R. Schneider-Sliwa, F. Wieland 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Occupation 46 5.3 Average daily wage of household members 49 5.4 Livelihood affected 51 5.5 Monthly savings 53 5.6 Amount of debts (in Rs.) 59 5.7 Conclusion 64 6 The structure of slum housing 73 K. Conradin, F. Wieland 6.1 Introduction 73 6.2 Type of house 73 6.3 Post earthquake housing status 76 6.4 Current housing status 79 6.5 Living in the same house as before the earthquake 80 6.6 Precautions to make the house earthquake proof 80 6.7 Precautions have been efficient 82 6.8 Investment to make shelter earthquake proof 83 6.9 Conclusion 84 7 Ownership and tax bill 95 B. Lietzke, D. Michel, N. Sliwa 7.1 Introduction 95 7.2 Ownership document 95 7.3 Tax bill ownership 99 7.4 Conclusion 103
Table of Contents III_ 8 Food security 117 K. Conradin, B. Lietzke, D. Michel, F. Wieland 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 Able to feed the family 117 8.3 Ration Card 118 8.4 Conclusion 120 9 Health issues and occupational hazards 125 K. Conradin, F. Wieland ~~ 9.1 Introduction 125 9.2 Places for health check-up 125 9.3 Purpose of visiting the health centre 129 9.4 Illness/death of a family member in the last year 131 9.5 Illness 134 9.6 Monthly expenses for medicines 136 9.7 Conclusion 140 10 Demographic determinants - child bearing and age structure 153 S. Eichenberger, M. Gysi, C. Saalfrank, N. Sliwa 10.1 Introduction 153 10.2 Number of children 153 10.3 Number of dependant old people 164 10.4 Conclusion 170 11 Educational achievements - occupational structure and political participation 183 A. Staub, N. Sliwa, S. Waldburger 11.1 Introduction 183 11.2 Education 183 11.3 Occupation 189 11.4 Home based occupation 193 11.5 Election Card 197 11.6 Conclusion 199 12 Problems of addiction 205 A. Cavelti, N. Sliwa, J. Whitebread 12.1 Introduction 205 12.2 Type of addiction 205 12.3 Expenses for addiction 209 12.4 Conclusion 211
IV Table of Contents 13 Willingness to contribute towards infrastructural services 213 A. Cavelti, N. Sliwa, J. Whitebread 13.1 Introduction 213 13.2 Type of services available at home 213 13.3 Priority of improvements of services at home 235 13.4 Willingness to contribute for better drinking water 241 13.5 Conclusion L 245 14 Willingness to pay for the legalization of land 285 M. Barmettler, R. Schneider-Sliwa, P. Thum 14.1 Introduction 285 14.2 Good drinking water, drainage/sanitation, solid waste removal 285 14.3 Affordable amount of money to legalize the land (in Rs.) 290 14.4 Willingness to pay property tax 291 14.5 Willingness to pay property tax (in Rs. per month) 293 14.6 Willingness to pay water tax (in Rs. per month) 294 14.7 Willingness to invest in house when land is legalized 295 14.8 Priority benefit in new government scheme - compensations for loss of earnings 296 14.9 Priority benefit in new government scheme - improving housing conditions 298 14.10 Conclusion 299 15 Willingness to relocate 319 B. Lietzke, D. Michel 15.1 Introduction 319 15.2 Acceptance for relocation with land and services 319 15.3 Willingness to move with own family and other families 324 15.4 Conclusion 331 16 Help received - help perceived 345 N. Sliwa, S. Wehrli 16.1 Introduction 345 16.2 Receiving some form of relief 345 16.3 Receiving help with the reconstruction of the house 348 16.4 Receiving different types of help 352 16.4.1 Material 352 16.4.2 Cash 353 16.4.3 Information 354 16.5 Receiving relief from the government 355 16.6 Receiving relief from AIDMI 358 16.7 General linkages with AIDMI 359
Table of Contents V 16.8 Evaluation: role of relief donors 362 16.9 Conclusion 363 17 Basic infrastructure - basic problems - the case of drinking water supplies 385 F. Wieland 17.1 Introduction 385 17.2 Used methodology { 386 17.3 Religion?. Z.\ 388 17.4 Caste 389 17.5 Number of family members 391 17.6 Case of illness or death in the last year 392 17.7 Place for health check-up 393 17.8 Monthly expenses for medicine 394 17.9 Monthly income of the family 395 17.10 Knowledge of the relation between hygiene and health 396 17.11 Improvement of drinking water supply: most urgent need 398 17.12 Water facilities in the house 399 17.13 Willingness to get involved towards achieving better drinking water 400 17.14 Water treatment 402 17.15 Toilet facilities in the house 404 17.16 Sewerage facility in the house 406 17.17 Slum 407 17.18 Type of house 409 17.19 Analysis of water treatment methods 410 17.20 Filtration 411 17.21 Clorination 412 17.22 Solar disinfection (SODIS) 415 17.23 Conclusion 418 18 GIS applications as tools in urban poverty reduction - methodological aspects 425 J. Wendel 18.1 Methodology 425 18.2 Problems and solutions 427 18.3 Conclusion 433 References 435 19 Socially differentiated urban slums - findings, problems, options for intervention 437 R. Schneider-Sliwa 19.1 Introduction 437
VI Table of Contents 19.2 Major findings - determinants of poverty and upward social mobility 439 19.3 Implications of socially differentiated urban slums 444 19.3.1 What do we not know of sufficiently in terms of degrees of social differentiation, objective slum conditions and social realities? 445 19.3.2 What is a matter of debate? 447 19.3.3 What should be decided upon by public administration? What is being overemphasized? What is being insufficiently emphasized? T.'. 448 19.4 What are the leverages in terms of public policies? 449 List of Tables 453 List of Maps 462 List of Figures 467