From Crisis to Redistribution? Global Attitudes Towards Equality, Welfare, and State Ownership

From Crisis to Redistribution? Global Attitudes Towards Equality, Welfare, and State Ownership Marcel Paret, University of Utah & University of Johannesburg Michael Levien, Johns Hopkins University September 28, 2018

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? How did views towards redistribution change after the crisis?

PRE-CRISIS: 2002-2008 POST-CRISIS: 2010-2014

WEST: Australia, Germany, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, United States CENTAL/EASTERN EUROPE: Cyprus, Kyrgyzstan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine MIDDLE EAST/NORTH AFRICA: Algeria, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Turkey, Egypt SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa LATIN AMERICA: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay ASIA: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, India WEST INDIES: Trinidad and Tobago

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? INCOME EQUALITY Incomes should be made more equal vs We need larger income differences as incentives for individual effort

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? GOVERNMENT WELFARE Government should take more responsibility to ensure that everyone is provided for vs People should take more responsibility to provide for themselves

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? STATE OWNERSHIP Government ownership of business and industry should be increased vs Private ownership of business and industry should be increased

Pro-redistribution views (all 40 countries) 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 Income equality Government welfare State ownership 2002-2008 2010-2014

36. Australia 276. Germany 528. Netherlands 554. New Zealand 724. Spain 752. Sweden 840. United States 196. Cyprus 417. Kyrgyzstan 616. Poland 642. Romania 643. Russia 705. Slovenia 804. Ukraine 12. Algeria 368. Iraq 400. Jordan 504. Morocco 792. Turkey 818. Egypt 288. Ghana 646. Rwanda 710. South Africa 32. Argentina 76. Brazil 152. Chile 170. Colombia 484. Mexico 604. Peru 858. Uruguay 156. China 158. Taiwan 344. Hong Kong 392. Japan 410. South Korea 458. Malaysia 702. Singapore 764. Thailand 356. India 780.Trinidad and Tobago INCOME EQUALITY 4.00 2.00 0.00-2.00

36. Australia 276. Germany 554. New Zealand 724. Spain 752. Sweden 840. United States 196. Cyprus 417. Kyrgyzstan 616. Poland 642. Romania 705. Slovenia 804. Ukraine 12. Algeria 368. Iraq 400. Jordan 504. Morocco 792. Turkey 818. Egypt 288. Ghana 646. Rwanda 710. South Africa 32. Argentina 76. Brazil 152. Chile 170. Colombia 484. Mexico 604. Peru 858. Uruguay 156. China 158. Taiwan 344. Hong Kong 392. Japan 410. South Korea 458. Malaysia 702. Singapore 764. Thailand 356. India 780.Trinidad and Tobago STATE OWNERSHIP 2.00 0.00-2.00

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

IE GW SO Age 15-24 - Age 25-34 Age 55+ + Female + + + Single + + No secondary education + + + Secondary education + + + Part-time employed + + Self-employed Unemployed + + + Not in labor force + +

6.00 Support for Income Equality by Employment Type 5.50 5.00 4.50 Pre-crisis Post-crisis Full-time employed Part-time employed

6.00 Support for Income Equality by Education Level 5.50 5.00 4.50 Pre-crisis Post-crisis Less than Secondary Secondary Post-secondary

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? ANTI- IMMIGRANT ATTITUDES

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? Could you please mention any [group] that you would not like to have as neighbors? --Immigrants/foreign workers

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? Could you please mention any [group] that you would not like to have as neighbors? --Immigrants/foreign workers When jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to people of this country over immigrants.

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? Could you please mention any [group] that you would not like to have as neighbors? --Immigrants/foreign workers 21% When jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to people of this country over immigrants. 69%

0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 Opposition to Immigrant Neighbor Pre-crisis Post-crisis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Support for government welfare

0.85 Prioritize Native-Born for Jobs Pre-crisis Post-crisis 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Support for government welfare

POST-CRISIS CORRELATIONS (+) IE GW SO Opposition to immig neighbor 2 8 2 Opposition to diff lang neighbor 4 4 5 Prioritize native-born for jobs 4 16 10

GOVERNMENT WELFARE & ANTI- IMMIGRANT CORRELATION Cyprus Poland Romania Russia Slovenia Ukraine Jordan Egypt Rwanda South Africa Trinidad & Tobago China Japan Singapore Thailand India

Marcel Paret and Michael Levien From Crisis to Redistribution? 1 Growing support for redistribution (especially income equality) 2 Older, female, single, less-educated, PT/unemployed more supportive 3 Some association with anti-immigrant