Chapter 21 Review AP World History
Essential Question: What led to the Cold War between the United States & Soviet Union?
The end of World War II led to important changes in the world:
The U.N. United Peacekeeping Nations Interventions, was created which 1945-2009 replaced the League of Nations United Nations Headquarters Executive is in New York City Council General Assembly Member Nations
The UN created a Jewish nation called Israel which set off a series of wars with Arabs in the Middle East
The United States occupied & helped rebuild Japan
The end of the war inspired independence throughout Africa & Asia, called decolonization
The One United of the States most & important Soviet Union changes were superpowers after World & War rivals II was who the dominated beginning of world the Cold politics War From 1945 to 1991, the What United were States the & Soviet major Union ideologies entered of an era of distrust & hostility known the USA as the & Cold USSR? War
Essential Question: What were the major events between the USA & USSR during the early years of the Cold War?
The One United of the States most & important Soviet Union changes were superpowers after World & War rivals II was who the dominated beginning of world the Cold politics War This During was an the era Cold of competing War, the ideologies: United States the USA & Soviet promoted Union democracy entered an & capitalism era of distrust while & the hostility USSR tried from to spread 1945 to communism 1991 The different ideologies between USA & USSR and their desires to spread these ideas led to an era of distrust, hostility, proxy battles, & near nuclear war
What Caused the Cold War? In 1917, Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution & Distrust created began the world s when first the communist USA sent troops gov t to fight the Red Army during the After Russian Lenin s Civil death Warin 1924, Joseph Stalin became dictator of the Soviet Union During WWII, the USA & USSR worked together to defeat the Axis Powers, but
World War II increased tensions between the USA and USSR Stalin never trusted the Britain or the USA during World War II The Manhattan Project gave the USA a monopoly on nuclear weapon technology
At the Yalta Conference, Stalin agreed to allow self-determination in Eastern Europe But, Stalin wanted a buffer zone between the USSR & the democratic nations in Western Europe Stalin used his military to install communist gov ts in Eastern European nations
As In a the result, years Eastern after World European War nations II, the USA began turned to communist view Stalin & as became a new Soviet Hitler a satellites: dangerous nations dictator that were who wanted influenced to take by the over USSR the world
By 1946, Europe was divided by an iron curtain that separated democratic/capitalist Western Europe from communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe Communism & Totalitarianism Capitalism & Democracy
The U.S. created a foreign policy called containment to stop Soviet influence & the spread of communism When the USSR began to pressure Greece & Turkey to turn communist, the U.S. created the Truman Doctrine, promising economic & military help to any nation threatened by communism T= The Truman Doctrine worked & neither Greece nor Turkey fell to communism
European nations had difficulty recovering after WWII which led to fears of communism in Europe The U.S. created the Marshall Plan which offered $13 billion to help rebuild post-war Europe By 1952, Western Europe recovered & Communism never took root M=
Marshall Plan to Aid Europe 1948-1952
In 1948, the USSR used military force to turn Czechoslovakia to communism; This led to fears that Stalin would use similar tactics in Western Europe In 1949, the United States formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): a military alliance among democratic countries in Europe & North America
At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into zones occupied by the USA, Britain, France, & the USSR Berlin, the German capital, was also divided but was located in the Soviet zone In 1948, Stalin tried to turn all of Berlin communist & ordered the Berlin Blockade which shut down all ground transportation to West Berlin
In response, the U.S. began the Berlin Airlift For 11 months, U.S. & British planes supplies landed in Berlin to bring food, fuel, & supplies Stalin admitted defeat & lifted the blockade in 1949 The United States successfully kept West Berlin from turning communist
From 1945 to 1949, the United States successfully contained communism in Europe But over the next 40 years, the Cold War intensified as communism spread to Asia, Africa, and Latin America The Cold War intensified as new nuclear weapons were introduced; espionage (spying ) increased; & wars broke out in Korea, Vietnam, & Afghanistan
Cold War in Asia
Essential Question: What impact did the spread of communism into Asia impact the Cold War?
The Cold War was a conflict of rival ideologies between the USA & USSR that lasted from 1945 to 1991 Early in the Cold War from 1945 to 1949, the focus of the conflict was on Europe The United States used the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, & NATO to successfully contain communism in Europe
Beginning in 1949, however, containment seemed to fail as communism spread to China, Korea, & Vietnam in Asia
For almost 2,000 years, China was the world s most dominant empire because of trade along the silk road & the power of the ruling dynasties
In the 1600 & 1700s, European nations became powerful, began exploring, & claiming The Industrial colonies Revolution in the 1700s & 1800s made Europe the center of power in the world
Europeans used imperialism to control Africa & Asia Britain used the Opium Wars to claim trade rights in China By 1900, China was weak & divided into spheres of influence
A group of reformers called nationalists called for changes In 1912, Sun Yat-sen ended the Chinese dynastic system & created a democracy called the Republic of China
But, the republic did not modernize China & led to an era of chaos In the 1920s, nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek took over & ran China as a dictatorship Meanwhile, communism was growing in China under the leadership of Mao Zedong Mao s Communist Party gained popularity among poor peasants by offering to redistribute land from
From 1930 to 1949, Nationalists & Communists fought in a bloody civil war for control of China When WWII began, Chiang & Mao agreed to a truce from 1937 to 1945 After WWII, Communists gained support & began to win control of China
In 1949, the Communists won the Civil War & Mao created the Peoples Republic of China Chiang s gov t fled China & set up in Taiwan The USA was shocked when China fell to communism & only recognized the Nationalists as the gov t of China The three revolutionary Communists Karl Marx Vladimir Lenin Mao Zedong
Based upon this propaganda poster, what changes will Mao propose for China?
Mao was determined to reshape China s economy based on Marxist socialism He seized land from the rich & divided the land among the poor peasants Mao followed Stalin s example by creating collective farms & a Five Year Plan to improve Chinese industry
Based upon this propaganda poster, what two things will Mao s Great Leap Forward focus on?
In 1958, Mao began a massive program to create agriculture & industry called the Great Leap Forward Millions of Chinese citizens were sent to work on large collective farms to grow food Other citizens were required to work on massive industrial projects like making iron & steel or building dams & railroads Image of a People s Commune Backyard furnaces to make iron
Struggle hard for 3 years. Change the face of China. Catch up with Britain & America. --Mao, 1958
Mao s Great Leap Forward started well
but, the it required forced labor & led to lots of suffering by millions of Chinese citizens
The Great Leap Forward was a failure & led severe food shortages, famine, & poor quality industry
Mao ended the Great Leap Forward after three years Chinese peasants
Based upon this image, what was purpose of Mao s Cultural Revolution?
After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) The goal of the Cultural Revolution was to emphasize Mao s strict socialist ideas & attack traditional Chinese ideas Mao distributed to all Chinese citizens the Little Red Book, a book of his quotes that reinforced what was acceptable for Chinese communists
After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao began the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Mao targeted young people & many joined the Red Guards, a group to protected the culture of the revolution Red Guards closed schools & universities; burned books; & humiliated, beat, killed people who opposed Mao s ideas
Parades united citizens The Cultural Revolution unified the Chinese people but also led to the deaths or imprisonment of thousands of citizens Executing teachers, politicians, critics
In 1976, Mao Zedong died & was followed by more moderate Communist officials Even without Mao, China remains a Communist nation today
Essential Question: What impact did the spread of communism into Asia impact the Cold War?
The fall of China to communism had a major impact on the Cold War between the USA & USSR
The U.S. response to the fall of China was to more aggressively confront communism the world The USA was afraid of a domino theory in which communist nations turn their neighbors communist As a result, the USA vowed to contain the spread of communism anywhere in the world The USA acted when communism threatened Korea
In 1950, North Korea (using Soviet supplied weapons) crossed the 38 & attacked South Korea When South Korea appealed to the United Nations, the USA sent troops to Korea to But, contain when communism the USA pushed too close to China, the Chinese Army entered the war & helped North Korea During World War II, Korea was liberated from Japanese control by the U.S. army in the South & the Soviet army in the North After WWII, Korea was divided along the 38 with a communist gov t in North Korea & a democracy in South Korea
After 3 years of fighting, a ceasefire was agreed to in 1953, the fighting stopped, & the 38 was restored as the boundary between The USA successfully stopped communism from spreading into South Korea & showed that it was willing to fight to contain communism Today, Korea remains divided between a communist North & a democratic South
The fighting in Korea These neutral countries While convinced Korea many was a success, during the Cold the War Cold would War nations escalate to not in the choose 1950s & 1960s were as known communism as the a threatened side during Africa, the Cold Southeast non-aligned Asia, & Latin nations America War
Cold War: Arms Race, Space Race, Cuban Missile Crisis
Essential Question: How did the arms race & space race escalate the Cold War between the United States & the Soviet Union?
From 1945 to 1991, the USA & USSR used a variety of strategies to win the Cold War
In the early years of the Cold War (1945-1949), the USA used a containment policy to successfully stop the spread of communism in Europe Marshall Plan NATO Berlin Airlift Truman Doctrine
When communism spread to China in 1949, the USA feared the domino theory & became more aggressive in its efforts to stop communism The USA went to war in Korea to defend South Korea from communism The Soviet Union supplied weapons to the communists in North Korea during the war The type of indirect fight between the USA & USSR is called a proxy war
From 1949 to 1970, the Cold War escalated as a result of a nuclear arms race, space race, & espionage
The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949 when the USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led to a nuclear arms race between the USA & USSR
In 1952, the USA tested the first hydrogen bomb which is 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb The Soviet Union responded by detonating its own hydrogen bomb in 1953
U.S. Titan ICMB from the 1960s Soviet ICMBs from 1960-1975 By 1959, both the USA & USSR developed rockets called intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could deliver nuclear warheads to distant targets U.S. Soviet Polaris Transporter Submarine Erector Launcher (TEL)
In the 1950s, U.S. President Eisenhower escalated the Cold War by using brinkmanship: threatening to use nuclear weapons & willingness to go to the brink of war If the USSR attacked a NATO member, the U.S. would use massive retaliation: attack every major Soviet city & military target As a result, the USA & USSR began stockpiling nuclear weapons & building up their militaries
With the USA & USSR in possession of large nuclear stockpiles, each side could destroy each other: this was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Throughout the Cold War, the USA & USSR looked for ways to gain first strike capability
In 1957, the USSR used its first ICBM to launch Sputnik, the first satellite into space Sputnik shocked Americans who feared the U.S. had fallen behind the USSR in science & technology As a result of Sputnik, the Cold War escalated into a space race to show American & Soviet dominance
NASA s original seven NASA Mercury astronauts In 1958, the USA created National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) to catch up to the USSR U.S. schools promoted math, science, & technology The USSR repeatedly beat the USA in space by launching the first man into orbit & orbiting the moon
In 1962, President John Kennedy committed the USA to beating the Soviet Union in the race to the moon In 1969, Apollo 11 landed U.S. astronauts on the moon
During the Cold War, the USA & USSR created intelligence agencies, the CIA and KGB, in order to spy and carry out covert operations The USA & USSR used spies to gather intelligence U.S. & Soviet spy planes gathered Convicted spies Julius information & Ethel Rosenberg also
The Cold The War CIA escalated overthrew as the governments threat of communism of spread Iran into & the Guatemala Middle and East, intervened Africa, & Latin Egypt, America Bolivia, Chile, & Cuba to stop communism
Essential Question: Why did the Cuban Missile Crisis result in near nuclear war in 1962?
The Cuban Missile Crisis brought the United States & Soviet Union to a near nuclear war in 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis Decision-Making Activity: In groups, examine the information presented & make an informed decision from the perspective of the U.S. government Write your answers in the space provided on the decision-making
Overview of Kennedy, the Cold War & Cuba
Critical Thinking Question A
Critical Thinking Question B
Critical Thinking Question C
Cold War in the 1960s and 1970s
Essential Question: What were the important Cold War events of the 1960s & 1970s?
Joseph Stalin led the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 When the Cold War began, Stalin spread communism into the satellites in Eastern Europe Stalin escalated the Cold War by creating the Berlin Blockade in 1948 Under Stalin, the USSR tested the atomic bomb in 1949 & hydrogen bomb in 1953
Stalin signed a treaty of friendship with Mao Zedong after the Chinese Revolution Stalin sent weapons to communists in North Korea during the Korean War
Joseph Stalin s death in 1953 changed the Soviet Union & how it approached the Cold War against the United States
New USSR leader Nikita Khrushchev began a series of reforms known as de- Stalinization, which included releasing political prisoners & Khrushchev relaxing seemed censorship willing to work with the USA to ease Cold War tensions
But, tensions between the USA & USSR escalated throughout the 1950s & 1960s
Under Khrushchev, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik & the space race The creation beganof ICBMs led to the stockpiling of nuclear weapons during the arms race
In 1961, John F Kennedy became U.S. president Kennedy & Khrushchev faced two important crises that heightened Cold War tensions: Building of the Berlin Wall & the Cuban Missile Crisis
The Khrushchev Berlin was Crisis, upset 1961 with the increasing number of communist East Germans who moved to democratic West Berlin In 1961, Khrushchev threatened to cut off access to West Berlin like Stalin s blockade in 1948 President Kennedy promised to protect West Berlin
Rather than blockade the city, Communist leaders built the Berlin Wall to keep East Germans out of West Berlin
Walls and other barriers 10 15 feet high surrounded West Berlin. The length of the barriers around the city totaled about 110 miles The Berlin Wall became the iconic image of the Cold War The death strip stretched like a barren moat around West Berlin, with patrols, floodlights, electric fences, and vehicle traps between the inner and outer walls
When Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba in 1959, the USA feared the spread of communism so close to America
After a failed attempt to overthrow Castro, Khrushchev secretly sent nuclear missiles to Cuba The U.S. successfully blockaded Cuba & Khrushchev removed the ICBMs in exchange for the removal of American ICBMs in Europe The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the USA & USSR came to nuclear war
From 1965 to 1973, the USA became involved in the Vietnam War When communist leader Ho Chi Minh gained independence for Vietnam, the USA feared communism in SE Asia
Vietnam was divided into a communist North & a democratic South In South Vietnam, communists known as the Vietcong worked to unify North & South Vietnam To contain communism, the USA sent troops to Vietnam starting in 1965
The American military used bombing raids, pesticides, & search-and-destroy missions to fight the communists Despite these efforts, the U.S. was unable to defeat the communist enemy The Vietnam War was expensive, hurt the U.S. economy, & became unpopular with anti-war protestors in the USA. In 1973, the USA withdrew from Vietnam & 2 years later communists unified Vietnam
America s failure in Vietnam led to a change in Cold War policies The USA abandoned its containment policy & began looking for ways to improve relations with Cold War enemies
In the 1970s, Richard Nixon s policy of détente (easing Cold War tensions) replaced brinkmanship In 1972, Nixon became the first U.S. president to visit & recognize Nixon s communist visit to China put pressure on the Soviet Union to negotiate with the USA
In 1972, Nixon met with Soviet leader Brezhnev to discuss arms reduction The USA & USSR signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) which limited the number of ICBMs each nation could have By the 1970s, the USA & USSR seemed willing to peacefully coexist
But, détente ended in 1979 when the USSR invaded Afghanistan to put down an anti-communist uprising
The U.S. viewed the attack as an attempt to spread communism into South Asia & the Middle East The United States cut off all trade with the USSR & sent military & economic aid to Afghan rebels
The USSR fought in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989, but was unable to defeat the Afghan resistance The war exhausted Soviet economy & proved as unwinnable as Vietnam was for the The war United renewed States tensions between the USA & USSR
In the 1980s, new U.S. President Ronald Reagan helped win with Cold War against the Soviet Union President Reagan s strong anti-communist policies & the collapse of communist economies brought the Cold War to an end by 1991
The End of the Cold War
Essential Question: What led to the end of the Cold War?
The In USA the & 1940s, 50s, & 60s the USA fought to Soviet contain Union communism throughout the world engaged in the Cold War from 1945 to 1991 In the 1970s, U.S. détente policy ended as the USSR invaded Afghanistan
In the 1980s, two new leaders changed the direction of the Cold War: U.S. President Ronald Reagan & Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Reagan took a strong stand against communism & the Soviet Union Reagan s goal was to win the Cold War & restore America s position as a dominant super power Reagan referred to the Soviet Union as an evil empire He spent $2 trillion to increase the size of the American military He sent over 500 ICMBs to Western Europe to protect NATO allies
Reagan s most ambitious program was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), called Star Wars, to protect the U.S. from Soviet nuclear attacks
In the 1980s, two new leaders changed the direction of the Cold War: U.S. President Ronald Reagan & Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet socialism did not offer incentives for hard work; The USSR By the spent 1980s, 50% the of its USSR budget had on low the industrial military, was & agricultural fighting an production expensive war in Afghanistan, & maintained Soviet leaders troops faced and tanks the in impossible Eastern Europe task The of competing Soviet government with SDI & restricted taking the freedom arms race of speech into & did space not allow democratic elections so no alternative opinions were offered Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1982 at a time when the USSR was facing serious problems
Soviet Problem Solving Group Activity: Assume the role of Gorbachev & assess the USSR s problems Brainstorm three reforms the USSR could adopt to solve these problems Keep in mind: You want to save Soviet communism, not destroy it
Gorbachev began three major reforms to save the communist system in the Soviet Union Gorbachev introduced glasnost ( openness ) to encourage freedom of speech & to allow expression of new ideas Perestroika relaxed some gov t controls over farms and factories to make production more efficient & it allowed citizens to open small businesses Democratization allowed citizens to vote for Communist politicians 'Be Bold, Comrade! Openness: Our Strength!' (but Communists only) Don't Be Afraid of Work.
In addition to his economic reforms, Gorbachev changed Soviet foreign policy Reagan s SDI plan forced Gorbachev to admit that the USSR could not keep up with the arms race In 1989, Gorbachev ended the 9 year war in Afghanistan Gorbachev withdrew Soviet tank divisions from the communist nations in Eastern Europe
Reagan was able to work with Gorbachev to reduce Cold War tensions In 1987, Reagan & Gorbachev agreed to end all medium-range ICBMs
Rather than saving the communist system in the USSR & Eastern Europe, Gorbachev s reforms helped bring an end to communism
In 1989, a surge of democratic revolution swept through the Eastern European communist satellites Eastern European nations broke from Soviet control & created democracies Gorbachev did not use the Soviet military to stop these revolutions In November 1989, the Berlin Wall came down
Ethnic nationalism & desire for democracy led to the break-up of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991 In 1990, the Soviet states In 1991, the Soviet of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania Union broke apart declared independence & 15 new nations from the Soviet Union were formed The break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold