Why the Civil War Happened And What We Can Learn From It Day 2 WHAT WE LL COVER IN THIS COURSE Day One: Setting the stage: - the late 1790s through the 1830s or so Day Two: 1840 through mid-1850s Day Three: Late 1850s-spring of 1861 48 WESTWARD EXPANSION 1790 1830 49 1
WESTWARD EXPANSION 1840 1860 50 KEY EVENTS IN WESTWARD EXPANSION 1800-1850 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1820 Missouri Compromise 1836 Texas Revolution & Independence 1845-1848 Mexican War 1850 Compromise of 1850 51 AMERICAN PROGRESS John Gast 1872 52 2
POLITICAL CHALLENGES 56 1854-present Democrats vs. Republicans 1824-1852 Democrats vs. Whigs 1796-1824 Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans 57 THE GREAT TRIUMVIRATE Daniel Webster (Maine/Massachusetts) (Industrialization) John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina) (Slavery) Henry Clay (Virginia/Kentucky) (Expansion) 58 3
59 61 62 4
FROM 1850 1861 1.Compromise of 1850 2. 1852 Uncle Tom s Cabin 3. 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act and Bleeding Kansas 4. 1856 Caning of Charles Sumner 5. 1857 Dred Scott 6. 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates 7. 1859 Raid on Harper s Ferry 8. 1861 Ft. Sumter 63 COMPROMISE OF 1850 1. California admitted as a free state. 2. Utah and New Mexico organized under popular sovereignty 3. Texas ceded its claim to parts of the New Mexico territory; the US government would cover Texas s $10 million war debt. 64 COMPROMISE OF 1850 4. The slave trade is abolished in the District of Columbia, but slavery itself would continue. 5. Congress strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act by requiring citizens of any state, slave or free, to assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves. 65 5
66 Impact of Fugitive Slave Act 67 68 6
Uncle Tom s Cabin -- 1853 Author Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811 1896 Religious family, Cincinnati Married Calvin Ellis Stowe in 1836 Supported Underground Railroad Inspired to write Uncle Tom s Cabin by the grief she felt at the loss of her son, Samuel Charles Stowe, in 1849 at the age of 18 months 69 Impact of Uncle Tom s Cabin Brought home the horrors of slavery to people who lived in the North Coupled with Fugitive Slave Act, made slavery a moral problem for everyone 70 ELECTION OF 1852 Party Democratic Whig Free Soil Nominee Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott John P. Hale Home State New Hampshire Virginia (W&M) New Jersey Running Mate William R. King William R. Graham George W. Julian Electoral Vote 254 42 0 States Carried 27 4 0 Popular Vote 1,607,510 1,386,942 155,210 Percentage 50.8% 43.9% 4.9% 71 7
1852 Election Map 72 1854 KANSAS-NEBRASKA Act Sponsor Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas Wanted to build a railroad west from Chicago Hard to attract settlers to Kansas and Nebraska Proposal: Nebraska would be a free state, Kansas a slave state Final Act in 1854: popular sovereignty would determine status of slavery in both states 73 Kansas-Nebraska Act 74 8
CONSEQUENCE BLEEDING KANSAS Vote conducted by people living in each territory at the time of the vote Nebraska a done deal. Kansas problem Borders Missouri, a slave state Above 30 36 Missouri Compromise Line 75 CONSEQUENCE BLEEDING KANSAS Began pre-civil War in Kansas Border Ruffians 76 BLEEDING KANSAS CONTINUED Two competing territorial legislatures were established in Kansas One pro-slavery, one antislavery Henry Ward Beecher sends rifles Beecher s Bibles to Kansas Sack of Lawrence 1856 Free Soil Capital 77 9
IMPACT OF KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT AND BLEEDING KANSAS Split the Whig Party into Northern and Southern factions Southern Whigs were swept into the Democratic Party Northern Whigs joined with other anti-slavery groups to form Republican Party Administration of President Franklin Pierce did not step in to settle this conflict 78 IMPACTS OF BLEEDING KANSAS Brutal guerrilla war in Kansas. By the end of 1856, over 200 people would be gunned down in cold blood. Property damage reached millions of dollars. 79 IMPACTS OF BLEEDING KANSAS Federal troops were sent in to put down the fighting, but they were too few to have much effect. Kansas was a prelude to the bloody catastrophe that engulfed the nation only 5 years later 80 10
CANING OF CHARLES SUMNER -- 1856 Sumner s Senate speech: The Crime Against Kansas personal attack on SC Sen. Andrew Butler Rep. Preston Brooks (Butler s cousin) beat Sumner with a gold-headed 81 cane CANING OF CHARLES SUMNER -- 1856 Brooks resigned his seat, returned to SC to seek reelection; He was overwhelmingly reelected people throughout the south sent him gold-headed canes Sumner did not return to the Senate for several years 82 83 11
ELECTION OF 1856 State of Play in 1856 Whig Party -- GONE Democratic Party: the South plus pro-slavery elements in the North New Republican Party: various factions against the expansion of slavery No one was really against slavery itself Know-Nothings : anti-immigrant, anti-catholic, Populist Party 84 ELECTION OF 1856 Party Democratic Republican Know-Nothing Nominee James Buchanan John C. Fremont Millard Fillmore Home State Pennsylvania California New York Running Mate John C. Breckenridge William L. Dayton Andrew J. Donelson Electoral Vote 174 114 8 States Carried 19 11 1 Popular Vote 1,836,072 1,342,345 873,053 Percentage 45.3% 33.1% 21.5% 85 86 12