Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework

Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework

Marek Neuman Editor Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework The European Union in South Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia

Editor Marek Neuman University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-319-92689-6 ISBN 978-3-319-92690-2 (ebook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92690-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947158 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Acknowledgements At the beginning of the process that led to the publishing of this edited volume, there was a vague fascination with the European Union venturing into the area of promoting democracy in its near and further abroad. Through much discussion with kindred colleagues, this initial research idea developed into a full-fledged research project that included colleagues from various European universities, who presented preliminary research findings at numerous conferences, where they benefited from valuable feedback, and who remained keen to further improve the individual chapters. Reflecting upon the past few months of intensively working on this subject, I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge several individuals and institutions without which this book would not have been possible. First and foremost, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to all the chapter contributors. Not only have they repeatedly provided valuable feedback on the remaining chapters, but they also (more or less) stuck to the strict deadlines, and most importantly created a pleasant atmosphere in which to work, continuously driving me to complete this project in the given time frame. I sincerely thank all of you for making the past few months fun (within the limits possible for a book editor). In addition, all the contributors to this volume benefited from treasured feedback from several anonymous reviewers, whom we would like to take this time to collectively thank. Our work is better thanks to your comments and suggestions. Second, I am very grateful to Stefan Stanković, who, as my research assistant, prevented me from losing focus on the end result and who kept pushing me to set and also meet strict deadlines. If it was not for your continuous and critical support, I would most likely still be restructuring the volume. Furthermore, the book would be nowhere close to being such an enjoyable read had it not been for the linguistic magic of Melissa Ratliff, who tediously edited each and every sentence of this book. For this, I want to thank you very much. Finally, without the right institutional support, both the research and publication process would not have gone this smoothly. As such, I would like to thank everyone at Springer International Publishing for their support and assistance over the past v

vi Acknowledgements few months. Finally, I would like to thank the Groningen Research Institute for the Study of Culture (ICOG) and the University of Groningen s Nicolaas Mulerius Foundation for their generous financial support, which allowed me to bring all involved chapter contributors together for an intensive, yet pleasurable, symposium in Groningen. Marek Neuman

Contents Introduction: EU Democracy Promotion in Its Near (and Further) Abroad Through the Prism of Normative Power Europe.............. 1 Marek Neuman and Stefan Stanković Part I Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework: A Conceptual Account Framing the Debate: The Evolution of the European Union as an External Democratization Actor............................. 13 Ronald Holzhacker and Marek Neuman The EU s Democratization: Normative Power Europe Meets External EU Perception Literature.......................... 37 Matúš Mišík The Role of New Member States in the European Union s External Democratization Policy: Towards an Analytical Framework........... 53 Marek Neuman Part II Democracy Promotion and the Normative Power Europe Framework: An Empirical Account The Emergence of State Capitalism in Central Asia: The Absence of Normative Power Europe...................................... 81 Joachim Ahrens and Herman W. Hoen The Limits of the European Union s Normative Myth in Armenia and Georgia................................................... 99 Anna-Sophie Maass A Normative Power Yes or No? The European Union, Ukraine, and the Transfer of Democracy................................... 119 Nienke de Deugd vii

viii Contents Normative Power Europe and the Ukrainian Case in EU Democracy Promotion.......................................... 137 Lyubov Zhyznomirska Normative Power Europe, Democratization, and Challenges of Complexity................................................. 161 Senka Neuman Stanivuković Conclusion: The Relevance of Normative Power in a Changing Europe........................................... 189 Senka Neuman Stanivuković and Marek Neuman

Contributors Joachim Ahrens is Professor of International Economics at PFH Goettingen. His research focuses on the political economy of policy and institutional reform from a governance perspective in Central and East Asia and Europe. He published numerous books and articles including Governance and Economic Development and Governance in the 21st Century (both with Edward Elgar) as well as Institutional Reform in Central Asia (Routledge). Nienke de Deugd is Assistant Professor in International Political Economy at the International Relations and International Organization Department in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Groningen (the Netherlands). Her work focuses on processes of political and economic transformation in post-communist countries with a specific focus on Ukraine and on the Ukraine-European Union relationship. Herman W. Hoen holds a chair as Full Professor of International Political Economy at the University of Groningen (Department of International Relations/ International Organization), and he is Adjunct Professor at SAIS Europe, the Bologna Center of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. His research focuses on institutional economics, in particular the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy embedded in a democratic order. He has published many articles and books on this theme. Together with Joachim Ahrens and Martin Spechler, he recently published a monograph on state capitalism in Central Asia (World Scientific). Ronald Holzhacker is Professor of Comparative Multilevel Governance and Regional Structure at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is broadly interested in questions of governance, human rights and the interaction between civil society organizations and institutions in political systems. He is founding Director of the Groningen Research Centre for Southeast Asia and ASEAN (SEA ASEAN) and leads an interdisciplinary team of scholars engaged in theoretically driven empirical comparative research. He is widely published on topics related ix

x Contributors both to the EU and to Southeast Asia in such journals as Law & Policy, Comparative European Politics, Journal of European Integration, European Union Politics, Nations and Nationalism, Party Politics, Journal of Legislative Studies and the Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration. He is co-editor of numerous books over the past decade, including the forthcoming Challenges of Governance, Development, and Regional Integration in Southeast Asia and ASEAN (NY: Springer 2018) and National and Regional Approaches toward the Sustainable Development Goals in Southeast Asia and ASEAN (Leiden, Singapore, Boston: Brill 2018). Anna-Sophie Maass is Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, Natolin, Warsaw. Previously she worked as a Senior Academic Assistant in the European Interdisciplinary Studies Department in Natolin and as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the European Neighbourhood Policy Chair. She graduated with a PhD in Politics/International Relations from La Trobe University in Melbourne. Her thesis examined the reasons for the transformation of EU-Russia relations from courtship to confrontation between 1999 and 2008. Her research expertise is in EU-Russia relations and the EU s relations with Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine. Among her most recent publications are EU-Russia Relations, 1999 2015: From Courtship to Confrontation (Routledge) and EU Financial Instruments and the European Neighbourhood Policy in The Routledge Handbook on the European Neighbourhood Policy (eds. Schumacher, T., Marchetti, A. and Demmelhuber, T.; Routledge) Matúš Mišík is Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science at Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia. His main area of expertise is energy security within the EU; he also studies the role of perceptions within the EU decision- making mechanism. He authored two books and has published articles in Nature Energy, Energy, Energy Policy, Geopolitics, Czechoslovak Psychology, Journal of Popular Culture, Comparative European Politics, Asia Europe Journal and Slovak Sociological Review. He regularly writes for the leading Slovak dailies and comments on energy policy-related topics in electronic media. He has undertaken study/research trips to Norway (2006), Kazakhstan (2009), Finland (2009), Great Britain (2011), Austria (2012) and Canada (2015 2016). He conducted empirical research in many European countries and regularly attends main political science forums including the ECPR General Conference and IPSA World Congress. Marek Neuman is Assistant Professor in European Integration at the International Relations and International Organization Department in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Groningen. In his research, he focuses on the role of Central and Eastern European countries in the European Union s (foreign) policy-making and on EU-Russia relations. He has published in Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Perspectives, Politics in Central Europe and other outlets. His most recent book is Too Small to Make an Impact? The Czech Republic s Influence on the European Union s Foreign Policy (Peter Lang).

Contributors xi Senka Neuman Stanivuković is Assistant Professor in European Integration at the International Relations and International Organization Department and within the Erasmus Mundus Euroculture Master Programme in the Faculty of Arts of the University of Groningen. Her research is positioned within the emerging field of Critical European Studies. She has previously published on accession-driven Europeanization in East Central and South Eastern Europe, citizenship and European (dis)integration. Her latest book is Europeanization as Discursive Practice: Constructing Territoriality in Central Europe and the Western Balkans (Routledge). Stefan Stanković is a Euroculture master student at the University of Groningen. His current research interests involve topics from the area of European integration and politics, primarily focusing on the issues of EU enlargement and EU politics in Southeastern Europe. His master s thesis is concerned with the Union s external democracy promotion efforts in the region of the Western Balkans. Currently being based in Groningen, he has studied in Belgrade, Heidelberg and Uppsala in the past. Lyubov Zhyznomirska is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, Saint Mary s University, Canada. Her research interests include such areas as migration, citizenship, foreign policy and security studies, with a specialization in post-soviet countries and the European Union (EU). She studies the politics of migration governance in Europe (with a focus on irregular migration) and the EU s external migration relations with the Eastern neighbouring countries. She has published in Comparative European Politics, Ethnicities and Review of European and Russian Affairs and in edited collections on the EU s relations with its Eastern neighbourhood countries. Her most recent volume is The Routledge Handbook of the Politics of Migration in Europe (co-edited with A. Weinar and S. Bonjour, forthcoming with Routledge).