MODEL SPECIMEN PAPER 3 SOLUTION PART I Answer 1. (a) Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws with respect to all those matters which are not mentioned in any of the three lists. These powers of the Parliament are known as residuary powers. (b) Zero hour refers to the period which begins at 12 o clock soon after the question hour and continues till the lunch break. During this period members can raise all types of questions without any permission or prior notice. (c) If there is a disagreement between the two houses over an ordinary bill, then the joint sitting of both the houses is held. (d) The Lok Sabha can force the Council of Ministers to resign by passing a vote of no confidence. (e) The President of India is elected by an Electoral College consisting of the elected members of the Parliament and the State Legislative Assemblies. (f) All the judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India is consultation with the chief Justice of India and other judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court. (g) The Court of the District Judge is the civil court at the district level. (h) The High Court has the power to call for the record of a case which requires the interpretation of the constitution in any way and give its Jurisdiction on the same. This is known as the Revisory Jurisdiction of the High Court. (i) Habeas Corpus and Mandamus are the two writs issued by the courts to enforce the Fundamental Rights. (j) Lok Adalats are people s court established to provide quick justice through conciliation and compromise. Answer 2. (a) According to the Doctrine of Lapse, if a ruler died without an heir to succeed him, his adopted son could neither inherit the throne nor the title. As a result of this policy many kingdoms were annexed by the British empire in India. This caused discontentment among the rulers as well as among the people in general. Thus, it became a political cause for the revolt of 1857. (b) The first Congress Session was held in Mumbai in the year 1885. (c) Dadabhai Naoroji founded the East India Association so that it could voice the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures. He wanted to place the true state of affairs in India before the people of England so that their problems can be solved. (d) Arrest of a person without warrant and imprisoning any person without trial and conviction in a court were the two provisions of the Rowlatt Act which provoked the Indians against the British. (e) The 1916 Congress Session was important in many ways as it brought the moderates and the extremists in congress together again after nearly a decade. It also brought about Hindu-Muslim unity as the Congress and the All India Muslim League signed the historic Lucknow Pact to fight against the British together. (f) The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand was organised by a secret society called Black Hand formed by the extremist Serbian nationalists and was carried out on 28th June, 1914. (g) Britain, France and the USA came together to form the Allied Powers. (h) Appeasement meant accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation to gain peace. Britain and France followed the policy of Appeasement.
History & Civics 2 (i) Two objectives of UNO are : (i) To maintain international peace and security. (ii) To develop friendly relations among the nations. (j) The full form of UNESCO is United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. One of UNESCO s cultural functions is that it works for translating rare manuscripts into modern languages in order to preserve the ancient culture. PART II Section : A Answer 3. (a) In the sphere of ordinary law-making the Rajya Sabha enjoys equal powers with the Lok Sabha. An ordinary bill can be introduced in the Rajya sabha and it cannot become a law unless passed by it. In case of a deadlock between the two Houses of Parliament over an ordinary bill and if it remains unresolved for six months, the President can convene a joint sitting of the two Houses for resolving the deadlock. This joint sitting is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. If the bill is passed in the joint sitting, it is sent to the President for his signatures. But, if the deadlock is not resolved, the bill is deemed to have been killed. When the Lok Sabha is dissolved or during emergency Rajya Sabha enjoys all the law making powers of Lok Sabha. (b) The members of Rajya Sabha can be appointed as ministers and can exercise all the powers of the Council of Ministers. The constitution permits a minister, who is not a member of the Rajya Sabha can take part in the proceedings of the house but cannot exercise vote. (c) Rajya Sabha has powers to seek the information from the government; it exercises these powers by questioning, discussions and debates. The Rajya Sabha has power of investigation on any governmental affair. The Rajya Sabha has no power to pass a vote of no confidence against the Council of Ministers but, has power of investigation on any governmental affair. The Rajya Sabha can delay a Non-Money Bill, already passed by Lok Sabha, for a period of six months. This is a check on hasty and ill-considered legislation. Exercises its control over the goverment through adjournment motions which are tabled on serious matters such as a fatal railway accident. Answer 4. (a) The qualifications required to become the President of India are : (i) He should be a citizen of India. (ii) He should be 35 years of age or above. (iii) He should be qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha. (iv) He shall not be a member of either House of Parliament. (v) He shall not be a member of a House of Legislature of any State. In case a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of Legislature of any State is elected as the President then he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that House on the date he assumes the office of the President of India. The President of India cannot hold any other office of profit. (b) According to Article 55 of the Constitution, as far as practicable, there has to be uniformity in the scale of representation of the different states at the election of the President. For the purpose of securing such uniformity among the States, the number of votes to which each State is entitled is determined as follows :
History & Civics 3 (i) Every elected member of the legislative assembly of a State shall have as many votes as there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient obtained by dividing the population of the state by the total number of elected members of the Assembly. (ii) If after taking the said multiples of one thousand, the remainder is not less than five hundred, then the vote of each member shall be further increased by one. (iii) Each elected member of either House of Parliament shall have such number of votes as may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of the State Legislation Assemblies by the total number of elected members of both the Houses of Parliament. (iv) The election of the President shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting shall be by secret ballot. (c) If the President was to be elected directly by the people, he could become a rival centre of power to the Council of Ministers. This would be against the parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility. Election of the President merely by a majority of members of the Union Parliament could make him a nominee of the ruling party like the Prime Minister. Such a President could not represent the constituent states of the union. The President is elected by an Electoral College; such an Electoral College would make the president the elected representative of the whole nation with a clear voice given to the states as well. Answer 5. (a) Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court refers to the power to hear and determine a dispute in the first instance, the following are the cases that comes under original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court : (i) The cases between the Centre and State; between two or more States. (ii) The Original Jurisdiction extends to cases of violation of Fundamental Rights of individual. (iii) All cases where interpretation of the Constitution is required can be directly filed in the Supreme Court. (b) Appellate Jurisdication of the Supreme Court refers to the power to grant special leave to appeal against the judgement delivered by any court in the country. Appeals for the following cases can be made in the Supreme Court : (i) All matters, irrespective of the nature, in where a certificate is issued by a high court that it involves an important point of law and needs interpretation of the constitution. (ii) Appeals in civil matters lie to the Supreme Court, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance. (iii) An appeal lies to the Supreme Court if the Sessions Judges has acquitted the accused but the High Court, on an appeal from the Government, reverses the decision of acquittal and sentences the accused to death or if the High Court has withdrawn any case from a subordinate court and has convicted the accused and sentenced him to death. (c) At the commencement of the constitution the number of judges were eight including the Chief Justice of India. Parliament by law may prescribe a larger number of judges. In accordance with an Act of 2008 the Supreme Court consists as the Chief Justice of Indain and not more than thirty other judges. Besides having regular judges, the Constitution also provides for the appointment of some Judges to the Supreme Court on an ad hoc (temporary) basis. Retired Supreme Court Judges or High Court Judges may be appointed to act as Judges of the Supreme Court on an ad hoc basis as and when required.
History & Civics 4 Section : B Answer 6. (a) The British government ill-treated the Indian soldiers. They were denied equal pay and facilities to their British counter parts.they were also often humiliated by the English officers. No Indian soldier could rise above the post of Subedar in the Indian army. The British had no regard for Indian sentiments. The Company passed a new law in 1856, according to which a sepoy had to travel overseas whenever required by the Company. It was believed by the Hindus that one could lose his caste, status and religion if he crosses the seas. The sepoys thought the Company was trying to defame their religion. The Post Office Act of 1854 withdrew the privilege of free postage enjoyed by the sepoys. The sepoys were also required to serve in areas located far away from their homes without extra payment and additional Bhatta (Foreign Service allowance). This enraged the Indian soldiers. (b) Land of taluqdars and landlords were deprived of their estates which were rent free. The British Indian government confiscated the lands of landlords who failed to produce evidences like title deeds by which they held land. They drove the landlords to poverty by levying exorbitant land revenues and those who failed to pay the revenue, their estates were auctioned and sold to the highest money bidders. During the annexation of Awadh, lands of the aristocrats were also confiscated. Thus, landed aristocracy declined during the British rule. (c) (i) The British interfered with he Indian social customs at a high level : The English took various measures to reform the evils which had crept into the Indian society. The practice of Sati was banned in 1829 and the Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856. The Indians disapproved the British interference in their social system. (ii) The British followed Policy of Racial Discrimination : The British racially discriminated against the Indians. The British believed that they were superior to the Indians and followed a policy of contempt towards the Indians. Indians were ill-treated and insulted. Answer 7. (a) The success of the Communist revolution in Russia had aroused great enthusiasm among the radical youth in India. In 1923, S.A. Dange started an English weekly, The Socialist for the propagation of the Marxist views. Other pioneers of the Communist movement in India at that time were Muzaffar Ahmad, Satya Bhakt and Shaukat Osmani. It was in December 1925 that the Communist Party of India was formed. In 1934, the Socialists within the Congress formed the Congress Socialist Party. Those who played a prominent role in the socialist movement at that time were Jayaprakash Narayan, Achyut Patwardhan, Ashok Mehta, S.M. Joshi and Narendra Deva. The formation of the Congress Socialist Party was hailed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose. The Congress Socialists did not wreck the Congress; they functioned within the Congress. Unlike the Communists, they admired Gandhiji and his passion for social justice. (b) On 30th March and 6th April, 1919 peaceful strikes were organized at Amritsar to protest against the Rowlatt Act and complete peace was maintained on 10th April two prominent leaders, Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Kitchlew, were unnecessarily deported from Amritsar. People marched towards the residence of the Deputy Commissioner to protest about the detention of the two leaders. The mounted police resorted to firing to disperse the mob, which in turn made the mob violent. Five Europeans were murdered and the Town Hall and other public buildings were burnt.
History & Civics 5 On 11th April General Dyer arrived and took command of the city. Proclamations were issued prohibiting all meetings and processions. On 13th April, 1919 a public meeting took place at Jallianwala Bagh in defiance of the orders. The Jallianwala Bagh was an open space surrounded by the backs of houses on three sides and having only one narrow entrance through the congested lanes of the city. General Dyer without any warning opened fire upon the peaceful crowd and continued firing on them until all his ammunition was exhausted. According to the official figures some four hundred people were killed and about two hundred wounded. But the Congress Inquiry Committee put the figure of the dead not less than 1,000. General Dyer did this, as he himself proudly declared to strike terror into the whole of the Punjab. Jallianwala Bagh massacre was followed by other incidence of being flogged, handcuffed and searched throughout Punjab. People at Amritsar were made to crawl with belly to the ground. The civilised world had not seen such brutalities as these in recent history. (c) The impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India s freedom struggle : (i) The National Movement became a Mass Movement : The Indian national movement, for the first time in history, acquired a real mass base with the participation of different sections of the Indian society such as peasants, workers, students, teachers and women. (ii) Instilled Confidence among the People : It generated a desire for freedom and inspired people to challenge the colonial rule. (iii) Fostered Hindu-Muslim Unity : It fostered Hindu-Muslim unity which could be seen in the merger of the Khilafat Movement with this Movement. It provided an opportunity to the Congress to bring the urban Muslims into the National Movement by convincing them that the nation was equally concerned with the problems affecting them. (iv) Promoted Social Reforms : As a consequence of the Non-Cooperation Movement several steps were taken in the direction of prohibition and removal of untouchability. Many national schools and colleges were set up in different parts of he country. The boycott of foreign goods led to the promotion of Indian handicrafts and industries. Khadi became the symbol of the National Movement. Answer 8. (a) Subhash Chandra Bose is the person depicted in the given picture. (b) Forward Bloc was the organisation formed by Subhash Chandra Bose. (c) (i) Subhash Chandra Bose felt the urgent need for an organized party within congress and established the Forward Bloc in May 1939. (ii) The main aim of the organisation was to achieve liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, youths and all radical organisations. (iii) The organisation also aimed at working on the reorganisation of agriculture and industry, abolition of Zamindari system and introduction of new monetary and credit system. (iv) Subhash Chandra Bose believed in an uncompromising anti-imperialist struggle for attaining national Independence and the application of the principle of Equality and social Justice in building up the new order in Free India. Answer 9. (a) Militant nationalism included two main features : the dangerous and burdensome mechanism of keeping great standing armies and large navies. This was accompanied by the evils of espionage, suspicion, fear and hatred; the existence of powerful class of
History & Civics 6 military and naval officers over the civilian authorities. Militant nationalism was caused by aggressive nationalism, economic competition and international tension. (b) There were two kinds of states in Europe. Single nation-states like France, Holland and Germany whose national identities were based on their common language and traditions. Imperial states like the Austrian-Hungarian Empire and the Russian empire. They spoke different languages and had different cultural traditions. Germany entered into an alliance with Austrian-Hungary in 1882 Italy too joined the alliance and it came to be known as the triple alliance. On the other hand France was able to establish friendly relations with Russia and England. These three countries entered into an allianace called the triple entente in 1907 in order to counter the triple alliance. The two groups were hostile to each other. (c) Every major power began stockpiling armaments in the name of self defence and preservation of peace. It created the atmosphere of fear, apprehension and mutual hatred. Germany began to build a powerful navy with a view to achieve parity with Britain. This led to a fierce competition among the countries and gave rise to the arms race. Answer 10. (a) Factors leading to the formation of Non-Aligned Movement are : (i) There was global tensions caused by cold war. The newly independent countries felt that the division of world into two power blocs might endanger world peace and it was not in their larger interest. (ii) They wanted to enjoy their newly acquired freedom and the power that had come with it without any pressure from other bigger nations. (iii) The newly independent countries wanted to keep their own identity by not aligning with any of the power blocs. (iv) The newly independent countries wanted to establish cooperation among the nations to explore and advance their mutual interest. (v) With the collective force they want to maintain and promote world peace on their own. Thus, the Non-Aligned Movement came into force. (b) The objectives of NAM can be enumerated as follows : (i) To preserve freedom of new nations from colonial and alien dominations. (ii) To protect human rights and to protect the environment. (iii) To eliminate all causes leading to war and in particular to eliminate nuclear weapons. (iv) To promote freedom to pursue a free domestic and foreign policy. (v) To settle international dispute in a peaceful manner. (c) Relevance of NAM Today : With the world becoming unipolar, questions regarding the relevance and validity of NAM have been raised. But one must realise that till subjugation of weaker states by the stronger exists, till all forms of aggressive policies are not done away with, till the collective interests of all segments of society in the world remain unfulfilled, the existence of a movement like NAM is imperative. The movement with its principles of working together to establish peace in every corner of the world, to improve the economy of all member nations by promoting bilateral trades and to stick to the principles of non-aggression for maintaining the sovereignty of other member nations is a potent force. The movement is also seeking ways to protect the developing nation s interest in the process of globalisation. The NAM leaders recently denounced the invasion of Iraq by USA, the only super power now, and has also compelled Iran and North Korea to stop their nuclear plans and programmes. Thus, NAM s role and responsibilities have increased manifold in the present world and it acts as a balancing scale in the geopolitical development of the world.
MODEL SPECIMEN PAPER 6 SOLUTION PART I Answer 1. (a) He/she should be an Indian and should be of sound mind. If these conditions are not fulfilled the candidate is disqualified from Lok Sabha election. (b) The President or some person appointed by him administers the oath of office to the elected members of the parliament. (c) The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. (d) The Supreme Court of India settles any dispute related to the election of the Vice- President. (e) When no political party or coalition of parties enjoys the majority in Lok Sabha, then the President has discretion in inviting the leader of that party or coalition of parties who in his opinion is able to form a stable government. (f) The Lok Sabha can be dissolved by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. (g) A remedial order passed when the Supreme Court or the High Court finds that a lower court has overstepped its jurisdiction. (h) The judge of a High Court can be removed by the Parliament for proved misbehaviour or incapacity. (i) The Sessions Court is the highest criminal court at the district level. (j) Securing speedy settlements of disputes relating to marriage and family affairs is the purpose of a Family Court. Answer 2. (a) They followed constitutional methods like petitions, prayers and protest and they moveover believed in gradualism and liberalism. They made use of the press to carry out a criticism of the government policies. (b) Mahratta and Kesari were the two weeklies used by Tilak to spread the message of liberty. (c) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, with the support of Mr. Beck, founded the Mohammedan Anglo- Oriental College at Aligarh. (d) Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat Movement in India in order to protest against the hostile treatment met to the Caliph, the spiritual head of the muslims around the world, during the First World War and to restore the Ottoman Empire in Turkey. (e) The real reasons for the partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British are : (i) To stop the rising tide of nationalism in Bengal. (ii) To foster the division on the basis of religion. (f) The treaty of Versailles ended the First World War. It was signed on 28th June, 1919 in France. (g) The UNO came into existence on October 24th, 1945 with its headquarters situated at New York. (h) The General Assembly elects the non-permanent members of the Security Council for a term of two years. (i) It helps the countries to improve their health system by building up health, manpower and individual services. It provides important drugs needed for medical care to the countries. (j) Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, President Tito of Yugoslavia and President Nasser of Egypt were the three architects of the Non-Aligned Movement.
History & Civics 2 PART II Section : A Answer 3. (a) The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is selected or elected by the house from among it s elected members by a simple majority. (b) Disciplinary functions of the Speaker are : (i) The Speaker preserves order in the House. He/she may name a member for suspension, if he/she disregards the authority of the Chair. In case of grave disorder, the Speaker may adjourn the House. (ii) If a word or words used in the debate are indecent or unparliamentary, the Speaker may expunge such words from the proceedings of the House. (iii) The Speaker decides whether there is a case regarding breach of privilege or contempt of the House. (c) The Regulatory Powers of the Speaker are : (i) The Speaker presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha and maintains order and decorum in the House during parliamentary proceedings. (ii) He or she interprets the rule of procedure and applies them while conducting proceedings of the House. His or her interpretation of the proceedings remains final. (iii) He or she makes an agenda for the House and allocates time to various items on the agenda. (iv) The Speaker admits or disallows questions, adjournment motions tabled by members of the House, resolution and points of order. (v) He or she recognizes members on the floor of the House and allots them time to speak. Answer 4. Besides the Prime Ministers the Ministers are thre catgories the Cabinet Ministers the Ministers of state and Deputy Ministers. (a) (i) Cabinet Minister : They are most important leaders, who hold important portfolios and decide major policies of the government. (ii) Minister of State : They may or may not be given the independent charge of a specific ministry. They are not the members of Cabinet and do not participate in the Cabinet meetings unless especially invited. (iii) Deputy Minister : They are the junior most ministers who assist the Cabinet Ministers and the Council of Ministers. Their main task is to assist the ministers with whom they are respectively associated. (b) The powers of the Prime Minister in relation to the Parliament are : (i) As the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha, he is said to be the leader of the House. (ii) He makes policy statements on the floor of the House. He is the chief spokesman of the Government in the Parliament. (iii) He comes to the rescue of other ministers in the Parliament if and when they are in difficulty while being attacked by the opposition benches in the House. (iv) If there is a heated debate in the House, the matter generally comes to an end with the intervention of the Prime Minister. (v) The sessions of the Parliament are summoned and prorogued by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. (c) The Parliament keeps a check on the authority of the Prime Minister by the following ways : (i) The members of the Parliament can ask questions regarding administrative policies followed by the ministers. This power of the members of the Parliament is called the Right
History & Civics 3 of Interpellation. This right ranges from matters of vital importance, like the foreign policy towards the Arab states, to trivial matters like considering a complaint from a citizen. (ii) Our Constitutions also provides for collective responsibility of the ministers to the Lok Sabha, that is, if a vote of no-confidence or a censure motion is passed against one minister, the whole ministerial team has to resign all together. Similarly, the resignation of the Prime Minister implies the resignation of the entire Ministry. (iii) Futhermore, the members of the Parliament can move adjournment motions which are requests to postpone the proceedings of the House for the time being to take up the issue raised by the members in that motion. If such a motion is accepted by the speaker, the minister concerned is obliged to answer the questions raised in the motion or the Prime Minister has to answer them in place of that minister. Answer 5. (a) The President of India may seek advice of the Supreme Court on important questions of law and fact. When any question is referred to the Supreme Court, a Bench consisting of at least five judges deals with it. The opinion of the Supreme Court is pronounced in open court. The opinion of the Supreme Court is not binding on the President nor is it executable as a judgement of the Supreme Court. (b) The Supreme Court under article 137 is empowered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or order. As the guardian of our Constitution, it is empowered to declare laws, executive orders and ordinances null and void if they are found to be inconsistent with the Constitution. The Philosophy of Judicial Review is vested in the principle that the Constitution is the fundamental law of the land and the Supreme Court is duty-bound to uphold the Constitution. If any law goes against the Constitution, the Supreme Court, exercising its power of review, shall declare the law unconstitutional and make it inoperative. Scope of Judicial Review is as follows : (i) When there is a dispute between the Union Government and a State or between States, the Supreme Court can decide it. (ii) The Supreme Court has the power to review all National and State laws and executive orders and declare them null and void, if they go against the provisions of the Constitution. (iii) The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Fundamental Rights. It is empowered to issue various Writs to enforce the Fundamental Rights. (c) The Supervisory functions of the Supreme Court are : (i) As the highest Federal Court, it is within the power and authority of the Supreme Court to settle any dispute regarding division of powers between the Union and the States. (ii) It is in the Supreme Court s authority to safeguard the fundamental rights of the citizens. (iii) The responsibility of interpreting the constitution rests on the Supreme Court. (iv) If any law passed by the legislature is inconsistent with the spirit of the constitution and if the government oversteps it s legal bounds, it is for the Supreme Court to see it. Section : B Answer 6. (a) The socio-religious reform movement initiated by reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation. The reformers taught people the importance of women and their role in the national movement. It promoted pan Indianism and a spirit of nationalism. Reformers created a consciousness of a new society devoid of privileges based on caste, creed or religion. In the religious sphere they worked on combating religious superstitions,
History & Civics 4 idolatry, polytheism and hereditary priesthood. They upheld feeling of the brotherhood and equality which attracted the lower castes. (b) * Please ignore the Question 6, part (b) of this MSP as it is misprinted. The correct Question is : State the Repressive colonial policies of Lord Lytton. The Vernacular Press Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite the feelings of dissatisfaction against the British Government. However, more the Government tried to suppress the Indians, the more political consciousness was created in their minds. The Arms Act of 1879 made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without a license. This Act was not applicable on the British. This repressive Act led the people to resent the discriminatory policies of the British and accelerated the movement against their rule. Organizing a Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to proclaim Queen Victoria as the Empress of India costing lakhs of rupees, disregarding the welfare of the Indians who were in the grip of famine, furthermore reduction in the maximum age limit for the civil service examination from 21 to 19 years for Indians and the elimination of import duties on British textiles are some more examples of the repressive policies of Lord Lytton. (c) The Political causes leading to the Revolt of 1857 are as follows : (i) Policy of Annexation : The greed of the British for territorial expansion generated a deep hatred among the Indians. The political moves of the British were viewed warily as they had resorted to unfair and deceitful means while dealing with the native princes. Lord Dalhousie deceitfully annexed the states of Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur by using the Doctrine of Lapse. According to the doctrine, if a ruler died without an heir to succeed him, his adopted son could neither inherit the throne nor the title; and in such cases, the state was to be annexed to the British empire in India. Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi was not allowed to adopt a son. Similarly, Nana Sahib, the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, was not acknowledged as the rightful heir to the throne. This policy was resented by the local rulers and people. (ii) Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah : The house of the Mughals was humbled when Lord Dalhousie announced in 1849 that successors of Bahadur Shah Zafar would not be permitted to use the Red Fort as their palace. They were required to shift to a place near the Qutab Minar. In 1856, Lord Canning announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah his successors would not be allowed to attach imperial titles and dignities to their names. This hasty decision of the British hurt the feelings of the Muslims and intensified people s aversion to the British rule in India. (iii) Disbanding the Armies of the Annexed States : The British not only annexed Indian states but also disbanded their armies. The soldiers of such disbanded armies lost their jobs and means of livelihood. They, together with their families, blamed the British for their displacement. They vowed to get back at the British by enflaming anti-british feelings among the people at large. Answer 7. (a) Mrs. Annie Besant is the woman in picture. She was a theosophist who had adopted India as her home and worked for its social, educational and religious regeneration. She wanted to do something concrete for the liberation of India. She was inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. She welcomed the success of the Irish freedom fighters in getting the Home Rule Act passed by the British Government. Thus, she decided to start a similar movement in India and proposed it in the Congress Session of 1915 held in Bombay, where Bal Gangadhar Tilak and other Assertive Nationalists supported the move. (b) The impacts of the Home Rule Movement were as follows : (i) The Home Rule Movement intensified the demand for the grant of self-government. (ii) The Home Rule Movement was started in 1916, during the First World War. The Congress then had become weak. Tilak and Mrs. Annie Besant infused a new life in the
History & Civics 5 National Movement. Their clear thinking gave concrete shape and direction to the movement for Home Rule. (iii) Many moderate leaders, who were earlier doubtful about the success of the movement, joined the Home Rule agitation. The Movement brought together the Moderates and the Radicals in the Congress. (iv) The Home Rule Movement encouraged participation of women in large numbers for the revival of the Swadeshi spirit and the spread of the movement for beyond the frontiers of India. Home Rule Leagues for India were established in London and New York. (v) The Home Rule League mounted a sustained attack on the Government. The Congress and the League had joined hands in presenting a Common Charter of Demand. (vi) The British Government was forced to change its attitude towards India. (vii) The Government, therefore, felt that it was absolutely necessary to pacify the Indians by a declaration of policy. On 20 August, 1917, the Secretary of State, E. S. Montagu, announced in the House of Commons that the policy of the British Government was a gradually develop self-governing institutions in India. (viii) The announcement was greeted with enthusiasm by Indians. In 1919, the Government of India Act was passed which introduced several significant changes in the administration of the provinces. (c) The Aim and Objectives of the Home Rule Leagues and Home Rule Movement are : (i) Home Rule really meant Self-Government, i.e., the country should have a government of Councils, elected by all the people. (ii) These democratically elected Councils (Provincial Assemblies and the National Legislature) would control their respective budgets and the Ministers should be responsible to the Legislature. (iii) The Home Rule Movement aimed of achieving Swaraj for two reasons. First, because Freedom is the birth right of every nation and secondly because India s resources were not being utilised for her greatest needs. Mrs. Besant said, India asks for it (Home Rule) during the War, India will ask for it after the War, but not as a reward, but as a right does she ask for it. Answer 8. (a) The main features of Gandhi-Irwin Pact were : (i) To release all political prisoners except those guilty of violence. (ii) To give back to the Congressmen their confiscated properties. (iii) To permit peaceful picketing of liquors and foreign cloth shops. (iv) To permit people who lived near sea-shores to manufacture salt. (b) The impact of Civil Disobedience Movement on the National Movement is as follows : (i) The movement caused a tide of patriotic fervour in the country that would not leave the government in peace. (ii) It widened the base of the freedom movement. (iii) It made people understand the importance of non-violence. (iv) The government was convinced that basic constitutional reforms were necessary. (v) It popularised the new methods of propaganda. (c) The Non-Cooperation Movement had reached such a state that people began to have strikes everywhere. The Government declared the Congress an unlawful organization and arrested many of its members and volunteers. People defied Government orders and were, therefore, jailed. Almost 30,000 people were put behind bars, yet people were not intimidated. The spirit of freedom and sacrifice filled the hearts of the people.
History & Civics 6 Answer 9. (a) The grievances of Germany against the Treaty of Versailles : Germany was forced to sign the treaty. All the German colonies were forcibly taken away from her and she was divided into two parts for the benefit of Poland. Her military power was reduced. Germany started looking for an opportunity to do away with the harsh treaty. This was not possible without an aggressive policy and the war became inevitable. (b) The immediate cause that led to the out-break of Second World War was Hitler Invasion of Poland : Hitler demanded the port of Danzig from Poland. Britian retaliated and extended a guarantee of security to Poland, Greece, Romania and Turkey on 31st March, 1939. Negotiations were resumed with the erstwhile Soviet Union who clearly held the balance of power in Europe. Hitler knew that any attack on Poland would involve the Germans in a war with the Anglo-French, powers. Russia also wanted Poland as a buffer state between Germany and itself and the Soviet Union might also get a share of Polish territory, if it supported Germany. Thus, an 23rd August, 1939 the Nazi-soviet Non-Aggression Pact was signed for a duration of 10 years. With the Pact of Steel under his arm, Hitler was ready to invade Poland. On 1st September, 1939. German troops stormed Pland. Thus, on 3 Septemper, Britain and France delcared war an Germany causing the Second World War. (c) Similarities between the Ideologies of Nazism and Fascism are : (i) To have faith in the totalitarian rule. (ii) To despise democratic political systems. (iii) To hold that the state is supreme and it could suppress the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals. (iv) To upholds party and one leader. (v) To believe in aggressive nationalism and imperialism. (vi) To regard war was an instrument for furthering national interests. (vii) To uphold intensely nationalistic, anti-communist and anti-democratic rule. Answer 10. (a) Objectives and purposes of the United Nations is : (i) To save the succeeding generations from the scourge of war. (ii) To maintain peace and security by the removal of all the violent threats. (iii) To develope friendly relations among nations and to achieve coordination and cooperation for eradicating social, cultural and economic problems. (iv) To establish conditions under which justice for international laws and treaties can be maintained. (v) To create faith in human rights and in the dignity and worth of all human beings. (vi) To promote social progress and better standards of living with better experiences of freedom and self-awareness along with social responsibility among all human beings. (b) All members of the United Nations are members of the General Assembly. It is a kind of Parliament of Nations. Each member shall have not more than five representatives in the General Assembly. However, each state has one vote. The functions of the General Assembly are as follows : (i) Deliberative Functions : The Assembly may discusss any question relating to peace and security. (ii) Supervisory Functions : The General Assembly regulates the working of other Organs and Agencies of the working of other Organs and Agencies of the United Nations.
(iii) (iv) History & Civics 7 Financial Functions : The General Assembly considers and approves the budget of the United Nations. Electoral Functions : The Assembly elects the Non-permanent Members of the Security Council and the members of the Economic and Social Council. It appoints the Secretary-General upon the recommemdations of the Security Council Members of the International Court of Justice are elected by the General Assembly and by the Security Council. (v) Amending the UN Charter : The Assembly has the power to amend the Charter. (vi) Functions under Uniting for Peace Resolution : With the adoption of Uniting for Peace Resolution in 1950 the position of the Assembly has been considerably strengthened. If the Security Council is unable to reach a decision, because of lack of unanimity among the Permanent Members, the General Assembly can deal with the problem. (c) The objectives of NAM can be enumerater as follows : (i) Abolition of Imperialism and Colonialism : The NAM believed in the selfdetermination equality and freedom of all nations. (ii) Maintenance of International Peace : Non-aligned nations worked for the maintenance of international peace and security. The course adopted by them was best designed to prevent war. (iii) An End to Racism : Non-Aligned Movement rejects racism and all forms of racial discrimination. (iv) Disarmament : NAM favoured disarmament and in particular the possession of unclear weapons. The criteria of Non-alignment determined as early as 1961 was that a country should not be a member of any of the military alliances. (v) Helping the United Nations : The NAM stressed the need to strengthen the United Nations to carry on its functions effectively. (vi) Creation of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) : With the relaxation of the Cold War the NAM leader did rightly shift their emphasis from political to economic matters. The NAM leaders called for a reform of institution such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and World Trade Organisation (WTO). (vii) Protection of Environment : NAM called for global cooperation to protect the Environment. (viii) Cultural Equality : NAM stressed the need for cultural equality through restructuring the existing information order. (ix) Enforcement of Human Rights : Enforcement of Human right has been a major objective of the Non-Aligned Movement.
MODEL SPECIMEN PAPER 9 SOLUTION PART I Answer 1. (a) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are the two houses of Parliament in India. (b) Ordinary bill can be initiated in either of the houses, whereas money bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha. (c) President is known as the Constitutional Head of the state because all the laws and bills are issued in the name of the President. (d) If the President is satisfied that the financial stability or credit of the nation is threatened, he can declare a financial emergency. (e) The Prime Minister is the executive head of the state. The Prime Minister is the principal spokesman and defender of the Government in Parliament. (f) The Cabinet Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. (g) Single integrated judiciary system means a single judiciary hierarchy for the entire country. Though the Indian constitution is of federal type, yet there is no double chain of courts all courts interpret and enforce the state laws as the laws made by the Union Parliament. (h) The Supreme Court of India can declare such laws null and void. (i) Functions of the Collector s Court is to maintain law and order. (i) Naib Tehsildar s Court deal with the cases related to the assessment of the land revenue and property taxes from farmers. Answer 2. (a) The disbanding of the armies of the annexed state by the British, affected financial position of the soldiers. They cost their jobs and means to livelihood. (b) The Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favoured the formation of the Congress because he wanted to it to act as a safety valve for popular discontentment, thereby safeguarding the British interests in India. (c) From 1885 to 1905, the Congress was led by a group of leaders known as moderates. They were called so because of their faith in consititutional methods, belief in British Government s honesty, self-government and freedom without violence. (d) Gandhi tried to dissuade Subhash Chandra Bose from standing for re-election as President of the Congress for a second term, but he won by a majority of votes. The Gandhi wing began to oppose the President to make it impossible for him to function. So, Bose decided to resign. (e) Gandhi appealed to the Viceroy to withhold his consent to such measures. However, his appeal was ignored. As a result he started Satyagraha as a challenge to the government. (f) The League of Nations was formed in 1920 to prevent war and promote international cooperation. (g) Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. (h) Two result of Fascism in Italy were : (i) Fascism resulted in totalitarion states with strong Military forces. (ii) It also was a main contributor of World War-II. (i) Two functions of UNESCO in field of education are : (i) Removal of illiteracy by encouragement to adult education, distance-education and the open school system. (ii) It helps in the production of text books, development of new education techniques, imparting training to teachers by developing training colleges in various countries. (j) (i) Forward Bloc was the political party started by Subhash Chandra Bose. (ii) Bose became the Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army.
History & Civics 2 PART II Section : A Answer 3. (a) The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India through universal adult franchise. They are elected for a term of five years through secret ballet. (b) The electroral powers of the Lok Sabha are : (i) Lok Sabha along with the state legislative assemblies, elects the President of India. (ii) Both the houses of the Parliament elect the Vice-President of India. (iii) The Lok Sabha elects its Speaker and Deputy Speaker from among its members. (iv) The Parliament also makes laws to regulate the conduct of elections in the country. (c) Judicial Power of Lok Sabha are : (i) The Parliament can impeach the President for any violation of the constitution. (ii) The Parliament can remove the judges of the Supreme Court, the High Court, the Election commissioner and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India if they are found guilty of violating a clause of the constitution. (iii) The Parliament can condemn a person, irrespective of his status, if he is found guilty of defamation and contempt of either house of Parliament. Answer 4. (a) The requisite qualification for the post of teh Vice-President are : (i) He or she must be a citizen of India. (ii) He or she must have completed the age of 35 years. (iii) He or she must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha. (iv) He or she must not hold any office of profit under the union or any state government. (b) Two functions of the Vice-President are : (i) The Vice President is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha and exercises such functions in the house as the speaker performs in the Lok Sabha. (ii) He takes on the Presidential duties when the President is unable to discharge his duties due to illness or absence from the country. (c) The Council of the Ministers consists of all the three categories of Ministers-Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of state and Deputy Ministers. The cabinet consists of a small group of senior Ministers. All Cabinet Ministers are the members of the Council of Ministers, while all ministers are not members of the Cabinet. (i) The Cabinet meets as a body, periodical, to shape national policies and transact government business. The Council of Ministers does not meet as a body to transact a government business. (ii) The Prime Minister consults the Cabinet while he may or may not consult the other ministers before taking an important decision. (iii) The Cabinet consists of party leaders holding important portfolio called ministries. Other Minister play a secondary role in various ministries. (iv) The Cabinet takes over the functions assigned by the Constitution to the Council of Ministers. Answer 5. (a) Original jurisdiction implies that certain type of cases can be brought to the High Court in the first instance without having been heard in the subordinate courts. The High Court has original jurisdiction in the following matters : (i) In regard to the state revenue and its collection. (ii) In regard to admiralty, wills marriage laws, company laws and contempt of court. (iii) In regard to the fundamental rights. It has original jurisdiction with the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
History & Civics 3 (iv) The High Court s in Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai have original jurisdiction in almost all civil and criminal cases within their territories. (b) Court of the District Judge Court of the Session s Judge 1. It is the highest Civil Court of the district. 1. It is the highest Criminal Court of the District. 2. Presided over by District Judge. 2. Presided over by Sessions Judge. 3. District Judges decide cases related to land, property, money transactions, marriage, divorce, etc. 3. Sessions Judge decides criminal cases like murder, dacoit, etc. 4. The District Judge acts as Deputy Commissioner and District Collector and hence looks after maintenance of law and order, revenue collection etc., in his district. 4. The Sessions Judge does not perform any administrative functions. (c) Every High Court has power to issue any person or authority within its territory, direction, orders or writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights or for any other purpose. The writs are to be issued by the High Courts in grave cases where the subordinate tribunals act without proper jurisdiction or in excess of it. Such writs are also in cases where principles of natural justice are violated or where there is an error in judgement, resulting in injustice to a party. The writs are of various types such as Habeas Corpus, mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari. Section : B Answer 6. (a) The concealed motives of the British behind the partition of Bengal were : (i) To stop the rising tide of nationalism in Bengal, the nerve centre. (ii) To curb the Bengali influence by dividing it into two administrative provinces and reducing the Bengalis to a minority in Bengal. (iii) To divide Bengal into two religious based divisions with East Bengal being a Muslim majority and West Bengal a Hindu majority thereby encouraging communal differences. (b) Two aims of the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are : (i) Swadeshi means of one s own country. During the movement it meant that people were supposed to use Indian products to strengthen the nation through promotion of Indian industries and provide better employment opportunities to the unemployed craftsmen. (ii) It would be an effective method of developing patriotism. The promotion of Swadeshi advocated the boycott of foreign goods this idea aroused nationalistic sentiments of the people. It stressed that the boycott of foreign goods which were mostly British would hurt British economic interests and, thus, the British would be forced to accept Indian demands. (c) The Lucknow Pact was acclaimed as a great achievement. It symbolized Hindu-Muslim unity to both parties. The Congress compromised on its secular character by accepting the scheme of separate electorate for Muslims. The joint scheme symbolized Hindu-Muslim unity. Unity within the Congress : Unity between the early and assertive nationalists strengthened the Congress. Answer 7. (a) Causes that led to Out-break of Quiet India Movement in 1942 are : (i) The British government decided to resolve the political deadlock in India, in order to get the support of Indians in the Second World War against Japan. The government sent