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Peace, Power and Resistance in Cambodia Global Governance and the Failure of International Conflict Resolution Pierre P. Lizée Assistant Professor of Politics Brock University St Catharines Ontario
First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40685-2 DOI 10.1057/9780333983508 ISBN 978-0-333-98350-8 (ebook) First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lizée, Pierre. Peace, power and resistance in Cambodia : global governance and the failure of international conflict resolution / Pierre P. Lizée. p. cm. (International political economy series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Cambodia Politics and government 1979 I. Title. II. Series. DS554.8.L59 1999 959.604'2 dc21 99 15386 CIP Pierre P. Lizée 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-73204-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00
Contents List of Figures Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Maps vii viii ix x Introduction 1 PART I THEORETICAL REMARKS: THE NATURE OF CONFLICT AND PEACE 1 The Paris Plan and Its Failure 9 2 Towards a New Explanation of the Collapse of the Paris Plan 13 Peace as social encounter 13 Peace and violence in the Western tradition 19 Peace and violence in the Cambodian tradition 30 The Paris Plan as encounter between the Western and Cambodian traditions 43 3 Peace in the Post-Cold War Order 46 PART II THE 1993 ELECTIONS: PEACE AS NEW SOCIAL CONTRACT 4 Tous les chemins mènent à Paris 53 Towards the first Paris Conference 53 Towards the second Paris Conference 60 Interests, objectives, and approaches to peace on the road to Paris 80 5 The Paris Plan 90 The Paris agreement 90 Peace as social engineering 99 The failure of the Paris Plan 107 6 L Après-UNTAC 124 v
vi Contents PART III BEYOND THE 1993 ELECTIONS: TOWARDS A NEW MODEL OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION 17 A New Explanation of the Failure of the Paris Plan 133 18 The Lessons of the Cambodian Peace Process 139 19 Thinking about Peace in the Emerging Global Order 149 PART IV THE 1998 ELECTIONS: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND THE FAILURE OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION 10 The Dynamics of the 1998 Elections 153 11 Global Governance and the Nature of International Conflict Resolution 163 Notes 176 Bibliography 192 Index 204
List of Figures 2.1 The social basis of the concept of peace 14 2.2 Transfer of a concept of peace 17 2.3 Cox s representation of the social situation of ideas 18 2.4 The social basis of the concept of peace as democracy 25 2.5 The social basis of the Cambodian conception of peace 42 2.6 The social transformations entailed by the Paris Plan 43 vii
Acknowledgements Funding for the research involved in this book was provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Military and Strategic Studies Program of the Department of National Defense of Canada, and the Barton Program in International Peace and Security of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada. I also received travel grants from the Canada-ASEAN Centre and from the Cooperative Security Program of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Paul Evans and David Dewitt of York University, who throughout the writing of this book have been both mentors and friends. I also wish to thank Joyce Kallgren, from the University of California at Berkeley, and Michel Fortmann, of the Université de Montréal, for the support they have given me during that period. Alan James, from the University of Keele, commented extensively on an earlier draft of this text. Kusuma Snitwongse, from Chulalongkorn University, in Bangkok, was especially supportive during the time I spent doing research in Southeast Asia. I also want to acknowledge the help of Sorpong Peou, a colleague from the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, in Singapore, who is originally from Cambodia. Sorpong is a friend and he has given me information on Cambodian society which I could never have found anywhere else. I was humbled by the fact that he remained one of the kindest people I have met even though he lived through the inhumanity of Cambodia under Pol Pot. In this, perhaps, I found the greatest lesson about the Cambodian people. Finally, I need to express my gratitude to my wife, Erin, and my daughter, Megan. I doubt that I will ever find a better definition of love than seeing Erin wait patiently for me to be finished with this text so I could spend more time with Megan and her. Megan has grown up with this text. She was born as I was writing the first sections, and each subsequent one is now associated in my mind with the memory of seeing her start to crawl or say her first words. I sat her down on my knees to write these few lines, which I hope she will read when she can. Ethan Patrick has just recently joined our family and it is to the three of them that this book is dedicated, with all my love. PIERRE P. LIZÉE viii
List of Abbreviations ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CPP Cambodian People s Party FUNCINPEC Front Uni National pour un Cambodge Indépendant, Neutre, Pacifique et Coopératif GUNC Gouvernement d Union Nationale du Cambodge ICM International Control Mechanism P-5 Permanent Five Members of the United Nations Security Council PICC Paris International Conference on Cambodia UNAMIC United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia SNC Supreme National Council (of Cambodia) ix
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