Introduction On June 12, 2007, the United States Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons issued the 2007 Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Report). The TIP Report is comprehensive, well drafted and documented. In my opinion, this report constitutes the primary reference and main source of information on efforts made by foreign governments to combat trafficking in persons. The purpose of this review is to analyze the valuable information provided in the TIP Report. The Report is not only a diplomatic tool designed to engage governments in the battle against trafficking. It also serves an educational function, which has been the inspiration for this research. On behalf of The Protection Project, I would like to thank the United States Department of State for recognizing our work on page 23 of the Report, especially in examining the link between child sex tourism and pornography and concluding that 42% of child sex tourism cases are also cases of pornography. We congratulate Ambassador Mark Lagon for being appointed Director of U.S. Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons and we thank the staff for compiling this useful report. Finally, I would like to thank the staff of The Protection Project, whose work has contributed to the production of this report. In particular, Anna Koppel, Marina Elefante, Sherrie Caltagirone, Janine Hazeleger, Alicia Foley, Juliana Horwath, Elaine Panter, Priti Mehta, Amila Adzemovic, Alicia Alikhani, Lydia Chan, Vanessa De La Ossa, Lindsay Ettl, Elisabeth Hilligoss, Robin Prihar and Emily Tannery. Dr. Mohamed Mattar Executive Director The Protection Project 2
Table of Content I. Tier Placement Tier Placement Country Table p. 5 Tier Placement Country Map p. 6 II. Labor Trafficking (i) Forced Labor Origin and Destination of Forced Labor p. 8 Origin and Destination of Begging p. 10 III. IV. (ii) Child Labor Existence of Child Soldiers p. 13 Origin and Destination of Forced Child Labor p. 15 (iii) Domestic Servitude Origin and Destination of Domestic Servitude p. 18 Sex Trafficking (i) Sexual exploitation Occurrences of Sexual Exploitation p. 21 Origin and Destination of Sexual Exploitation p. 23 (ii) Child Sex Tourism Origin and Destination of Child Sex Tourism (CST) p. 26 Existence Child Pornography linked to Sex Tourism p. 28 (iii) Forced Marriage Existence of Forced Marriage p. 31 Responses (i) Demand Control Existence of Demand Reduction Programs p. 34 (ii) Anti-Trafficking Legislations Types of Anti-Trafficking Legislation p. 37 Providers of Shelters to Victims of Trafficking p. 39 Deportation of Victims of Trafficking p. 41 Immigration Options for Victims of Trafficking p. 43 (iii) Non-Governmental Organizations Cooperation among NGOs and Governments p. 46
Tier Placements Tier 1 AUSTRALIA FINLAND KOREA, REP. OF NORWAY AUSTRIA FRANCE LITHUANIA POLAND BELGIUM GEORGIA LUXEMBOURG SLOVENIA CANADA GERMANY MALAWI SPAIN COLOMBIA HONG KONG MOROCCO SWEDEN CZECH REPUBLIC HUNGARY THE NETHERLANDS SWITZERLAND DENMARK ITALY NEW ZEALAND UNITED KINGDOM Tier 2 AFGHANISTAN ECUADOR MACEDONIA SENEGAL ALBANIA EL SALVADOR MADAGASCAR SERBIA ANGOLA ESTONIA MALI SIERRA LEONE AZERBAIJAN ETHIOPIA MALTA SINGAPORE BANGLADESH GABON MAURITIUS SLOVAK REPUBLIC BELIZE GHANA MONGOLIA SURINAME BENIN GREECE MONTENEGRO TAIWAN BOLIVIA GUINEA NEPAL TAJIKISTAN BOSNIA/HERZEGOVINA GUINEA-BISSAU NICARAGUA TANZANIA BRAZIL INDONESIA NIGER THAILAND BULGARIA ISRAEL NIGERIA TOGO BURKINA FASO JAMAICA PAKISTAN TURKEY CAMEROON JAPAN PANAMA UGANDA CHILE JORDAN PARAGUAY URUGUAY CONGO (DRC) KYRGYZ REPUBLIC PERU VIETNAM COSTA RICA LAOS PHILIPPINES YEMEN COTE D'IVOIRE LATVIA PORTUGAL ZAMBIA CROATIA LEBANON ROMANIA ZIMBABWE EAST TIMOR LIBERIA RWANDA Tier 2 Watch List ARGENTINA CYPRUS HONDURAS MOLDOVA ARMENIA DJIBOUTI INDIA MOZAMBIQUE BELARUS DOMINICAN REP. KAZAKHSTAN PAPUA NEW GUINEA BURUNDI EGYPT KENYA RUSSIA CAMBODIA FIJI LIBYA SOUTH AFRICA CENTRAL AFRICAN REP. THE GAMBIA MACAU SRI LANKA CHAD GUATEMALA MAURITANIA UKRAINE CHINA (PRC) GUYANA MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIR. Tier 3 ALGERIA EQUATORIAL GUINEA NORTH KOREA SUDAN BAHRAIN IRAN OMAN SYRIA BURMA KUWAIT QATAR UZBEKISTAN CUBA MALAYSIA SAUDI ARABIA VENEZUELA 5
Statistics Origin and Destination of Forced Labor 9
Statistics Begging 11
Statistics Existence of Child Soldiers 14
Statistics Origin and Destination of Forced Child Labor 16
Statistics Origin and Destination of Domestic Servitude 19
Statistics Occurrences of Sexual Exploitation Tier Allocations by Occurrence of Sexual Exploitation 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 6 30 39 28 Tier 3 Tier 2 Watch List Tier 2 Tier 1 Occurences of Sexual Exploit. 22
Statistics Origin and Destination Sexual Exploitation Tier Allocation according to Origin of, Transit of and Destination of Sexual Exploitation 60 50 40 2 16 30 20 10 0 2 4 20 3 Origin 5 4 5 1 5 Transit Destination 2 12 4 7 2 Origin and Dest. 3 1 10 Origin and Transit 32 4 Transit and Dest. Origin, Transit and Dest. Tier 3 Tier 2 Watch List Tier 2 Tier 1 Number of Countries according to Origin of, Transit of and Destination of Sexual Exploitation 29 Origin 54 2 Transit Destination Origin and Dest. 19 Origin and Transit Transit and Dest. 14 13 5 Origin, Transit and Dest. 24
Statistics Origin and Destination of Child Sex Tourism Tier Allocation according to Origin of and Destination for Child Sex Tourism 20 1 7 10 2 7 11 0 Origin Tier 3 Tier 2 Watch List Tier 2 Tier 1 1 Destination 1 1 Origin and Destination Number of Countries according Origin of and Destination for Child Sex Tourism 2 9 Origin Destination Origin and Destination 20 27
Statistics Existence of Child Pornography linked to Sex Tourism Tier Allocations by Existence of Child Pornography linked to Sex Tourism 10 5 0 1 2 5 Child Pornography Tier 3 Tier 2 Watch List Tier 2 Tier 1 29
Statistics Existence of Forced Marriage 32
Statistics Existence of Demand Reduction Programs 35
Statistics Types of Anti-Trafficking Legislation 38
Statistics Provision of Shelters by NGOs and Governments 40
on Statistics Deportation of Victims of Trafficking 42
Statistics Immigration Options for Victims of Trafficking 44
Statistics Cooperation among NGOs and Governments Tier Allocation according to Funding and Cooperation among NGOs and Governments in the Provision of Services to Victims of Trafficking 60 50 7 2 11 40 30 20 10 0 23 20 Cooperation and Funding 35 5 Cooperation 4 7 5 No Cooperation Tier 3 Tier 2 Watch List Tier 2 Tier 1 47