About the Authors Joep de Hart is a researcher at the Dutch Social and Cultural Planning Office. He received his Ph.D. in sociology from Nijmegen University. His publications include books on youth subcultures, religion, social cohesion and civil society. Paul Dekker is a researcher at the Dutch Social and Cultural Planning Office and a professor at Tilburg University. He is involved in (comparative) research on the non-profit sector, civil society, political behavior and social and political attitudes. Marc Hooghe teaches at the Universities of Brussels and Antwerp (Belgium), and he is a research fellow for the Belgian Fund for Scientific Research. He holds Ph.D.s in political science (Brussels) and sociology (Rotterdam). He has published mainly on social capital, voluntary and political participation. Michel Huysseune is a researcher at the Department of Political Science at Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). His Ph.D. thesis (2001) focused on the relation between the political discourse of the northern Italian party Lega Nord and scholarly discourses on Italy s North South divide. Nonna Mayer is research director at CEVIPOF (Center for Studies of French political Life, Sciences Po Paris) CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research) and teaches at Sciences Po where she is in charge of a Ph.D. program in political sociology. She has just published a book on the electorate of the extreme-right party Front National (Paris 2002). Job van der Meer studied political science and history at Leiden University, the Netherlands. Since 1998 he has been a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Public Administration at Erasmus University, the Netherlands. He is currently completing his dissertation on Communitarianism and Political Support in Modern Democracies. Nadia Molenaers teaches political theory, governance and development at the University of Antwerp and social and cultural anthropology
250 About the Authors at the Free University of Brussels. She received her Ph.D. in political science from the Free University of Brussels. Bo Rothstein is the August Röhss professor in political science at Göteborg University. He has been a visiting scholar at the Russell Sage Foundation, New York, and at the Center for European Studies at Harvard University. He has published mainly on the welfare state, corporatism and social capital. Per Selle (Ph.D. University of Bergen 1987) is Professor of comparative politics at the University of Bergen and Senior Researcher at the Stein Rokkan Center for Social Studies. His research interests include voluntary organizations, political parties, political culture and environmental policy. Dietlind Stolle obtained her Ph.D. in political science from Princeton University (2000). She is an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science at McGill University, Montréal, Canada. She has published mainly on social capital, associational life, generalized trust and political consumerism. Eric M. Uslaner is a professor of government and politics at the University of Maryland-College Park (USA). He received his Ph.D. in political science from Indiana University in 1973 and has published primarily on legislatures, elections and public opinion. Dag Wollebæk is a doctoral candidate at the Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen. His research interests are voluntary organizations and democratic theory.
Index Almond, G., 23, 25, 44, 69, 71, 237 amoral familism, 211, 213 219, 228, 231 Anderson, B., 69, 85, see voluntary Asten (Netherlands), 153 170 authoritarian regimes, 31 32, 175 179 Banfield, E., 22, 213 219 Belgium, 90 106 survey 107 Bennich-Björkman, L., 29 Billiet, J., 107 Bourdieu, P., 45 Brazil, 177 Brehm, J., 133, 137 bridging and bonding, see social capital, voluntary cambio de mano, 122 126, see also recriprocity causal mechanisms, 8, 13, 15, 192 193, 199 200, 207, 244 aggregate effects, 134, 139, 143ff, 236 selection and adaptation, 106 107, 235 value congruence, 93ff virtuous and vicious circles, 232 see also rainmaker effect causality, direction of, 8 11, 25, 83, 115, 138, 180, 192, 236, 241 244 CEVIPOF, 50 55, 61 checkbook membership, 26, 77, see also passive membership Christian Democrats, 222 Citrin, J., 44 civic attitudes as components of social capital, 2 3, 233 civic attitudes, determinants, 22 28, 67 88, 89 112 authoritarian regimes, 22, 31 32 child-raising practices, 28 30, 34, 200, 207 collective experiences, 183 corruption, 172, 206 cultural conservatism, 96 culture, 179ff democracy, 14 15, 31 32, 171 190 equality, 180 185 ethnic diversity, 179ff fairness, 34, 191 209 government/state, 11, 14, 15, 30 35, 171 190, 191 209, 241 245 institution-centered approaches, 3, 9, 11, 20, 191 201, 207, 240 245 postmaterialism, 180 religion, 47, 51, 80, 156, 180ff society-centered approaches, 3, 9, 10, 20, 191, 233 240 socioeconomic resources, 14, 179 185, 241
252 Index civic attitudes, determinants continued welfare state, 15, 32 33, 191 209 see also civicness, civic skills, political interest, trust, civic culture, 154 Almond and Verba on, 44, 69, 71 in Northern Italy, 223 civic generation, 29 civic skills, 3, 72 civicness, 12, 22, 46, 49ff, 60, 77, 223ff, see also civic attitudes civil society, 12, 47 China, 187 cleavages, 14, 50, 71, 127, 179, 237, 244 clientelism, 15, 68, 120 121, 127, 213ff, 220 coercion, 174 Coleman, J., 12, 120, 122, 127 on trust, 57 collective action, 2, 5, 27, 113, 160 collective good, 134 community, imagined, 69, 85 community characteristics, 116 117, 153 170, 206 community leaders, 117 Communism, 175 178 Confucianism, 177 corruption, 114, 172, 179, 194ff, 206, 224 CREDOC, 48 crime, 165 Davis, J., 221 de Hart, J., 14 Dekker, P., 14 democracy, 31, 67, 171 190 development cooperation, 113ff, 128 donors and, 14 role of civil society in, 114, 128 discrimination, 199 200, 206 207 diversity, ethnic, 105, 163 164, 179ff Dordrecht (Netherlands), 153 170 Eastern Europe, 175 178 education, 96, 160 differences between generations, 103 effect on participation, 52, 97, 125 Edwards, B., 72, 126 efficacy, 166 168, 173 El Toro, 113 131 Eliasoph, N., 44 elites, 216 empowerment, 237 entrepreneurs, 120 121 Esping-Andersen, G., 195ff ethnocentrism in Belgium, 95 97, 100 107 and discourse, 108 measurement, 107 in Northern Italy, 225 fairness, 34, 191 209 Faust, K., 123 federalism, 142 Flanders, see Belgium focus groups, 163 Foley, M., 72, 126 Forster, E. M., 171 France, 12, 43 65 Freedom House scores, 175ff, 186 Fukuyama, F., 22, 32 Gastil index, 175ff gender, 27 28 generalized trust, see trust General Social Survey, 174ff German Democratic Republic, 31 Germany, 6, 25 Gini index, 180ff, see also income equality government performance, 134, 147, 173 Granovetter, M., 70 group characteristics, 26ff hierarchy, 26 27 homogeneity, 94
Index 253 polarization, 106 7 see also voluntary, networks group psychology, 92 93, role of reference groups 93 Gutmann, A., 238 Hall, P., 49 homogeneity, 26, 37, 181, 235 Hooghe, M., 13, 235 Huntington, S., 125 Huysseune, M., 15 ideology, 55 56, role for mobilization 228 impartiality, 195 200, 244 income equality, 32, 242 information system, 85 Inglehart, R., 121, 177 179, 185, 192 institutionalism, 226 228 institution-centered approaches, see civic attitudes, determinants interaction bridging versus bonding, 5, 26 27, 234 235, 239 face-to-face interaction, 14, 26, 68 77, 234 hierarchical versus horizontal, 26, 68 within groups, 91ff see also group characteristics, networks, voluntary Italy 15, 22, 211 230 community life in Southern Italy, 214 role of state, 215 218 weakness of Italian state, 220 Jaurès, J., 108 Katz, E., 92 Katzenstein, M., 28 Keefer, P., 179 Knack, S., 179, 180 La Danta, 113 131 La Porta, R., 142 land reform in Italy, 218 in Nicaragua, 116 Lazarsfeld, P., 92 Lega Nord, 225 Levi, M., 31, 34, 137, 140, 174, 193 Lijphart, A., 142 Lin, N., 119, 121 Lipset, S. M., 96, 134, 141 Lowndes, V., 27 Macaulay, S., 175 Mayer, N., 12 membership, see voluntary Micheletti, M., 28 Molenaers, N., 13 Mueller, J., 185 neighborhood, see community characteristics Nelson, J., 125 Neo-Tocquevillian approach, 79 Netherlands, 14, 153 169 networks closure, 122 connections, 123 consequences, 2 density, 123 horizontal, 126, 245 informal, 13, 122, 127, 159, 162 163, 245 structure, 5, 124 vertical, 213 Newton, K., 8, 121, 133 134 Nicaragua, 13, 113 131 nongovernmental organizations, 117, see also voluntary Norris, P., 8, 133 134 Norway, 12, 68 89, 177
254 Index optimism, 183 outsider groups, 92, see also group psychology participation in development projects, 116 117 inequalities, 52, 118 in voluntary, see voluntary passive membership, 67 86, see also checkbook membership path dependence, 5, 15, 20 22, 212 in the work of Putnam, 22 patronage, see clientelism political consumerism, 28 political efficacy, 69, 105, 161, 237 238 measurement of, 107 108 political identification, 56 political interest, 50, 55, 60 difference between generations, 62 political knowledge, 55, 62 political participation, 24, 49, 69, 94, 158, 239 in parties, 239 see also political consumerism, voluntary political powerlessness, see political efficacy postmaterialism, 180 poverty, 115, 117, 243 protest movements, 60 Protestantism, 177 public-private divide, 28 29 Putnam, R., 1 2, 5, 8, 12, 20 21, 79, 133, 136, 179 on, 67, 83ff, 191 definition of social capital, 154 on Italy, 22, 211 213 on socialization, 89 Rahn, W., 133, 137 rainmaker effect, 14, 143 reciprocity, 116 regional government, 138 religion, 51, 164, 242 Rothstein, B., 15, 33 34, 174 Sandinistas, 113 131 Scandinavia, 6, 32 33, 195 198, 200ff, see also Norway, Sweden self-categorization, 93 95 self-interest, 226 self-selection, 83, 90, 97 98, 133, see also Stolle, D. Selle, P., 12 Skocpol, T., 31 sociability, 45 social capital bottom-up model, 30 bridging and bonding, 5, 26, 234, 239 collective versus individual accounts, 4 components, 2, 23, 46, 155, 159ff, 167 dark side, 90 decline, 8, 29 definition, 2, 19 20 effects, 2, 4, 8, 19, 172, 184 185 and gender, 27 28 measurements, 23, 73 micro-theory of, 26 28 outside Western societies, 114 research agenda, 12 sources, 8, 19 42, see also civic attitudes, determinants in sociology and political science, 4 see also civic attitudes, civic skills, networks, trust, voluntary socialization, 13, 22 24, 85, 89, 102 105 society-centered approach, see civic attitudes, determinants Society-Opinion-Media survey (SOM), 201ff
Index 255 SOFRES, 46 state, 11, 14, 15, 30 35, 171 190, 191 209 Stolle, D., 12, 15, 34, 133 on role of, 25 on socialization, 90 stratification, 117, 197, see also welfare state Sweden, 15, 25, 201 207, 231 Sztompka, P., 31 Tajfel, H., 93ff Tarrow, S., 30 tax evasion, 186 Tchernogog, V., 48 television, 105, 179 tertiary groups, 68ff, see also voluntary Tocqueville, A., de 12, 22, 43, 106 trade union, 101, 220 trust abstract, 70 under Communism, 175 177 and compliance with the law, 174ff consequences of, 172, 184 185 correlates of, 6 7, 162, 179ff, 204 206 determinants, see civic attitudes, determinants generalized, 2 6, 23, 45, 49, 54, 91, 140, 162 165, 178 in Latin America, 114 institutional theory, of, 193 200, 207 institutional, 54, 57 59, 73 particularized, 5 political trust, 44 51, 54, 61, 83, 133, 140 147, 193ff, 201 203 relation between political and generalized, 51, 174, 194, 199 200 vertical, 67 88 Turner, J., 93ff Tyler, T., 200 United States, 25, 184 Uslaner, E., 14, 90, 179 Van der Meer, J., 14 Verba, S., 23, 25, 44, 69, 71, 94, 237 voluntary and dark side of social capital, 94 95 distinctions, 26, 56, 71ff, 100 107, 141 active and passive, 26, 67 86 bridging and bonding, 5, 26, 234 235, 239 horizontal and vertical, 79, 115, 218 effect on civic attitudes, 10, 13, 22 28, 53 57, 83 89, 98 101, 191, 206, 233 240 external link to government, 79, 85, 237 as information systems, 85 and internal democracy, 79ff, 106 legal status in France, 47 macro effects, 14, 23, 27, 135, 237 measurement issues, 23 24, 48, 52, 61, 72ff motivations for joining, 78ff multiple memberships, 10, 13, 24, 49 55, 68 71, 74 76, 83, 117, 235 nongovernmental organizations, 117 and the poor, 115 as schools of democracy, 43 in Southern Italy, 217 219 and survey research, 23 24 time intensity of involvement, 13, 68 77, 84
256 Index voluntary continued turnover, 86 women s organizations, 24 see also interaction, networks, socialization and self-selection Wasserman, S., 123 welfare states, 32, 195 198 Whiteley, P., 70 Wollebæk, D., 12 Woolcock, M., 130, 227 World Bank, 13, 113 World Values Survey, 45, 51, 138, 149, 175ff, 203