OLD WEST Study Session: Old West to Progressives Transcon:nental Railroad First completed in 1869, 5 total, Irish & Chinese workers Consequences for the Great Plains=key role in the near ex:nc:on of the buffalo- huge blow to Na:ve culture Nomadic way of life threatened Disease RR transforms economy of the en:re region Railroad brings setlers, miners, farmers & catlemen Range- fed catle replace the buffalo herds
Impact on Na:ve Americans Century of Dishonor 1881- Helen Hunt Jackson Dawes Act of 1887 Goals: Inspired by CoD, atempt to reform govt. Na:ve American policy & assimilate Na:ves Consequences=na:ves lost 50% of 156 million acres, Indian Reorganiza:on Act of 1934 par:ally reversed individualis:c approach to Dawes Act Ghost Dance= sacred ritual expressing vision that buffalo would return & white civiliza:on would vanish Resulted in Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 out of fear that an uprising would occur
Fading Fron:er Watershed Report 1890 census reported that there was no longer a fron:er line Basically said fron:er was closed Frederick Jackson Turner writes Significance of the Fron:er in American History where he argued that cheap, unsetled land had played a key role in making American society more democra:c- the American spirit of democracy, na:onalism, individualism, but no hereditary landed aristocracy as a result
Your view of Fron:er v. APUSH writer view Where you think Custer, buffalo, gun fights and catle drives when you imagine the Old West, the APUSH writers focus on other things. APUSH Test Tip= High probability you will have ques:ons on Helen Hunt Jackson s Century of Dishonor and Frederick Jackson Turner s Fron0er Thesis
Industrial America Consolida:on of Big Business Ver:cal integra:on=company controls both produc:on and distribu:on of its product Horizontal integra:on=occurs when one company gains control over other companies that produce the same product Consequences of consolida:on=corpora:ons build large organized factories where machines & unskilled workers perform labor Corpora:ons accumulate vast sums of investment capital & railroads help develop markets for their goods
Labor 1865-1900 Key trends: Immigrants, women and children expand labor force Machines replace skilled ar:sans Large corpora:ons dominate American economy Na:onal markets & interna:onal markets for goods Rags to riches- American Dream- Hora:o Alger
Knights of Labor Terence Powderly Open membership Skilled & Unskilled Goal: Coopera:ve society were laborers own the industries where they work Haymarket Square riot blamed on Knights Industrial Workers of the World Mother Jones, Elizabeth Flynn, Bill Haywood Injury to one is injury to all - One Big Union All even African Americans Goal: unite all laborers including African Americans who were excluded from craj unions Endorsed violent tac:cs American Federa:on of Labor Samuel Gompers of Cigar Makers Union Skilled workers in craj unions Goal: higher wages, shorter hours, beter working condi:ons An: violence
APUSH TEST TIP Very important to understand similari:es and differences between the 3 unions. All dedicated to organizing workers, but varying views on violence, skilled vs. unskilled, etc.
Labor strikes Homestead strike 1892 Pullman strike 1894 Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining rents and prices in a company town where 12,000 workers lived- strike resulted Pullman strike halted a substan:al por:on of American railroad commerce Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago to protect the mail but really to crush the strike
Immigra:on Old Immigrants- prior to 1880 most come from Britain and W. Europe New Immigrants- in 1880s start coming from S. & E. Europe (Italy, Russia, Poland, A- H) SeTled in large ci:es but very few in the South Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 First law to exclude a group due to ethnicity Prohibits immigra:on of Chinese to America Working- class felt threatened by Chinese workers Strong support in California Na:vism= had opposed Irish & Germans in the past. Oppose new immigrants who are Catholic & Jewish, different languages & cultures, feel they don t understand poli:cal tradi:ons, feel they are threatening jobs
Industrial Order- Supporters & Reformers Social Darwinism- fitest survive in nature & society Wealthy business & industrial leaders use Social Darwinism to jus:fy their success Social Darwinists believe industrial & urban problems are part of natural evolu:onary process that humans cannot control Gospel of Wealth= Andrew Carnegie Expressed the belief that as guardians of society s wealth rich have a duty to serve society Carnegie donates more than $350 million to libraries, schools, peace ini:a:ves and the arts Social Gospel was a reform movement based on the belief that Chris:ans have a responsibility to confront social problems- Chris:an ministers were among the leaders of the Social Gospel movement
Populism & Progressives Angry frustrated farmers a.k.a agrarian discontent RR high rates exploi:ng the farmer Big business high taxes exploi:ng farmer Gold standard hur:ng farmer Corpora:ons charging way too much for farmer equipment & fer:lizer Populist Party forms to unite farmers & improve famer condi:ons Supported-» Silver standard at 16 to 1 to increase money supply» Use Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 to regulate RR & stop discrimina:on against small customers» Support candidacy of William Jennings Bryan in 1896
Reasons Populist Party fails Western and Southern farmers did not agree on poli:cal strategies Racism prevents poor white and black farmers from working together Increases in urban popula:on led to higher prices for agricultural products Discovery of gold in the Yukon eased farmer access to credit Democra:c party was too similar to Populist and took ideas WJB lost in 1896 & Populists faded off
Progressives Key Points: Middle class reformers concerned with urban & consumer issues Govt should tackle social problems Govt should regulate industry & improve labor condi:ons Rejected Social Darwinism, arguing coopera:on is best way to improve society
Progressives Key Goals Direct elec:on of senators Women s suffrage Recall & referendum City- manager type form of govt for greater professionalism Nonpar:san local govt to weaken poli:cal machines Child labor laws An:trust legisla:on Pure Food and Drug Act APUSH TEST TIP Remember what Progressives fought for & what they did not fight for. DID NOT fight for civil rights
Progressive Amendments 16 th = gave Congress power to lay and collect taxes 17 th =senators to be elected by popular vote 18 th =outlaws sale and manufacture of liquor 19 th =women granted right to vote
Muckrakers Keys: inves:ga:ve reporters who promoted social and poli:cal reform by exposing corrup:on & urban problems Cri:cized poli:cal bosses & robber barons Mass circula:on of newspapers & magazines reach the public Leading muckrakers= Upton Sinclair: The Jungle- leads to Meat Inspec:on Act & Pure Food & Drug Act Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives Ida Tarbell: History of Standard Oil APUSH TEST TIP: Writers feel most know Tarbell and Sinclair but not so much Riis, so a number of ques:ons on Riis
Progressive Presidents Teddy Roosevelt Conserva:on of natural resources Unsanitary condi:ons in meatpacking industry Went ajer monopolies in RR industry Went ajer food & drug safety Square Deal: Three C s??? Bull Moose Party to run again in 1912
Progressive President Woodrow Wilson All out assault on high taxes, banking trouble & trusts Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Created system of district banks coordinated by a central board Made currency & credit more elas:c APUSH TEST TIP: Teddy, Taj and Wilson all supported Progressive reform but the exam does not give them equal treatment. Most aten:on given to Teddy, omit Taj to a degree and limit ques:ons to Wilson s Federal Reserve. However many ques:ons on Wilson s foreign policy stuff
Reformers and SuffrageTes 1865-1920 Jane Addams=Hull House (setlement house) in Chicago Suffrage- greater sense of equality on fron:er so Western states to allow women the vote before 1920- WY first in 1869 Women s Chris:an Temperance Union Carry Na:on best known & outspoken leader Moral responsibility to improve society by working for prohibi:on
Women & Progressive Reform Dorothea Dix- worked for beter condi:ons for mentally ill Ida B. Wells- BarneT- African American civil rights advocate especially opposed to lynching Women also involved in progressive movements against: Child labor Limi:ng hours for women and children
Women at work Late 19 th & early 20 th majority of female workers employed outside home were young and single Domes:c servants Garment workers Teachers Cigar makers Least likely to be doctors or lawyers
Black Americans & Progressive Era W.E.B. DuBois- most influen:al advocate of full poli:cal, economic and social equality for Black Americans- founded NAACP 1909. Advocated development of the talented 10 th - more educated & directly involved in change. Goal integra:on not separa:on Booker T. Washington- advocated gradualism and separa:on- Atlanta Compromise speech KKK ac:ve in progress period & has a resurgence due in part to D.W. Griffith s film, Birth of a Na0on which portrayed KKK ac:vi:es as heroic