Identities and Conflicts

Identities and Conflicts

Also by Furio Cerutti IDENTITÀ E POLITICA (editor) IDENTITÀ E CONFLITTI: Etnie, federazioni, confederazioni (co-editor) A SOUL FOR EUROPE: On the Political and Cultural Identity of Europeans (co-editor)

Identities and Conflicts The Mediterranean Edited by Furio Cerutti Professor of Political Philosophy University of Florence and Rodolfo Ragionieri Senior Lecturer Department of Political Science and Sociology University of Florence palgrave

* Selection, editorial matter and Foreword Furia Cerutti and Rodolfo Ragionieri 2001 Chapter 1 Furia Cerutti 2001 Chapter 5 Rodolf a Ragion ieri 2001 Remaining chapters Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2001 978-0-333-80091-1 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 P OLP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin's Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 978-1-349-42084-1 ISBN 978-0-230-28869-0 (ebook) DOl 10.1057/9780230288690 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Brit ish Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Identities and conflicts I edited by Furia Cerutti, Rodolfo Ragionieri. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: Political identity and conflict I Furia Cerutti- Identity between memory and project I Alberto Melucci- The social forms of religion in Western societies at the end of the twentieth century I Thomas Luckmann- Historical context of the development of contemporary fundamentalist movements I Shmuel N. Eisenstadt -Fragmentation and order in the Mediterranean area I Rodolfo Ragionieri- -Fundamentalism and conflicts in the Mediterranean I Shireen Hunter- -The Middle East: society, state, and religion I Bassam Tibi- Orthodoxy in Balkan political conflicts I Srdjan Vrcan -Islam today I Gilles Kepel - Catholics of Eastern Rite in the Arab world I Luciano Martini. ISBN 978-1-349-42084-1 1. Religion and politics-history-20th century. 2. Religion and politics -Mediterranean Region. 3. Mediterranean Region-Ethnic relations. 4.lslam and politics-middle East-20th century. I. Cerutti, Furia. II. Ragionieri, Rodolfo. BL65.P7 134 2000 322'.1-dc21 OO-D65181 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01

Contents List of contributors ix Introduction Furio Cerutti and Rodolfo Ragionieri 1 Parti Identity, Modernity and Secularization 7 Political Identity and Conflict: A Comparison of Definitions Furio Cerutti 9 1.1 The Emergence of Identity 9 1.2 The Limits of "Identity " 10 1.3 "Identity " as a Philosophy of History? 13 L 4 Political Identity between the Mirror and the Wall 15 1 5 Identity and Myth: An Indispensable Link? 18 1.6 Ethnic Conflict 19 1.7 What Is the Destiny of National Identity? 21 Identity between Memory and Project Alberto Melucci 26 2 1 Passing of an Epoch 26 2.2 An Information Society? 29 2.3 New Inequalities 3 4 2.4 References 3 9 The Social Forms of Religion in Western Societies at the End of the Twentieth Century Thomas Luckmann 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 The Social Forms of Religion 45 3.3 The 'Privatized 19 Social Form of Religion 48

vi Contents 4 Historical Context of the Development of Contemporary Fundamentalist Movements Shmuel N. Eisenstadt 55 4.1 Introduction 5 5 4.2 Fundamentalist Movements and the West 56 4.3 The Crisis of Modernity and the Growth of Fundamentalist Movements 60 4.4 Fundamentalist Movements and Social Processes 63 4.5 Fundamentalist and Protest Movements in the United States 69 Part II Politics and Religions in the Mediterranean 79 Fragmentation and Order in the Mediterranean Area Rodolfo Ragionieri, 81 5.1 Times and Spaces 81 5.2 Six Hypotheses on International Politics after the Cold War 86 5.3 The Mediterranean after the Cold War 89 5.4 A Global Perspective on the Mediterranean 94 Fundamentalism and Conflicts in the Mediterranean Shireen T. Hunter 102 6.1 Introduction 102 6.2 Persisting Ethnic and Territorial Conflicts 104 6.3 The Root Causes of Secular/Islamist Dichotomy in the Mediterranean Region 105 6.4 The Shattering of Traditional Muslim Societies 106 6.5 Muslim Response to the Shock of Defeat 107 6.6 Early Reforms in the Muslim World 108 6.7 Islam and the Left: Patterns of Mutual Impact 110 6.8 Rising Expectations and Unfulfilled Promises 112 6.9 External Influences 113 6.10 Is I amis m and the Risk of Conflict Across the Mediterranean 115

Contents vii 6.11 Conclusions and Outlook 117 7 The Middle East: Society, State and Religion Bassam Tibi 121 7.1 Introductory Remarks 121 7.2 An Outline of the Arab State System 121 7.3 State Sovereignty and Pan-Arabism 123 7.4 Identity, Ethnicity and Fragmented Societies 124 7.5 Governance and A uthoritarian States 12 5 7.6 And the Place of Religion? 126 7.7 77/e Awaited Arab Bismarck as a Secularised Islamic Imam 128 7.8 Islamic Fundamentalism and the Double Crisis 129 7.9 Conclusions 132 8 Orthodoxy in Balkan Political Conflicts SrdjanVrcan 135 8.1 Introductory Remarks 135 8.2 A Note on the Theoretical Framework 137 8.3 Ethnification of Politics and Serbian Orthodoxy 138 8.4 A Peculiar Re-awakening of the Sacred 141 5.5 Structuring Framework of the Role of Serbian Orthodoxy in Recent Political Conflicts 143 8.6 Dynamics of thepoliticization of Orthodoxy: From Nationalist Vanguard to Nationalist Rearguard 15 0 5.7 Points of Tensions in Serbian Orthodoxy 151 5.5 Dissent in Serbian Orthodoxy 152 8.9 Conclusions and Some Difficult Questions 154 9 Islam Today: Social and Political Prospects GillesKepel 161 10 Catholics of Eastern Rite in the Arab World: Search for Identity and Opening Up to Diversity Luciano Martini 167

viii Contents Index 173

List of Contributors Furio Cerutti is Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Florence. His main publications deal with critical Marxism and philosophical aspects of contemporary international relations. Shmuel N. Eisenstadt is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. His most important works deal with comparative civilizations, sociology of religions, modernization theory. Shireen T. Hunter is the director of the Islamic Studies program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington. She has published numerous works in the field of Middle Eastern and Islamic studies. Gilles Kepel is director of research at CNRS, Paris. His numerous books deal with the Islamic movements, fundamentalism in comparative perspective, Islam in Europe. Thomas Luckmann is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Konstanz. His most important books deal with sociology of knowledge and sociology of religion. Luciano Martini is Lecturer at the Department of History, University of Florence. His research interests range from the role of religions in world politics to the role of Catholic intellectuals in Italy. Alberto Melucci is Professor of Sociology at the University of Milan. His numerous works deal with many issues in theoretical sociology, and have concentrated in the last years on the study of social identity. Rodolfo Ragionieri is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political Science and Sociology, University of Florence. His main research area is conflict and security studies, focusing on the Mediterranean. Bassam Tibi is Georgia Augusta Professor of International Relations at the University of Gottingen. He has taught in European, American and African universities. He has written numerous books on contemporary Arab and Islamic politics and ideology.

x List of Contributors Srdjan Vrcan is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Split. In the last years he has written extensively on the role of religion in the conflicts in former Yugoslavia.