Revision Task Booklet Paper 2 You MUST know The Liberal Welfare Reforms Life for the poor before the reforms Charities, poor law, workshouse Social Reformers Booth and Rowntree Reasons for the introduction of the reforms (6 reasons) Four reforms for children Three reforms for workers One reform for the elderly Opposition to the reforms Votes for Women Position for women at the turn of the century Arguments for and against votes for women Differences between the Suffragists and the Suffragettes Main events 1906-1918 Peaceful and violent methods of winning the vote. Did violence help or hinder women s suffrage? Why did women get the vote in 1918? World War One How were civilians affected by WWI (Volunteers, Conscription, Conscientious Objectors) Shells, bombs and threats of invasion DORA - industry DORA food control Women s work during WWI (supporting men, filling the gaps & recruitment, running home & family, social freedom) How effective was government propaganda (newspapers, official photographs and paintings, posters, postcards and cartoons, official films How to answer source questions Message, purpose, useful, reliability (trust/prove), comparison (similarities and differences how far/why/does it support) Investigated poverty in London over a 17 year period. Investigated poverty in York Investigated the living and working conditions of over 4000 people. Found nearly 31% of people living in London lived in extreme poverty. Published his findings between 1889 and 1903 in 17 volumes called Life and Labour of the People in London. Found 28% of people living in York were living in poverty. Worked out a poverty line when individuals might find themselves above or below the line (in or out of extreme poverty). Found that 85% of people living in poverty were poor because of problems relating to unemployment and low wages. Booth or Rowntree? The two main things to remember about Booth and Rowntree are: 1) They showed that the problem of poverty had not been solved: it was as great as ever. 2) They showed that the Victorian idea that poverty was usually the fault of the poor themselves, was simply not true.
Match up the explanations to the reasons why the Liberals made their reforms Influence of researchers = Poverty was undermining British military = Competition from new Socialist Party = Humanitarian desire of new politicians = a) In 1899 the British Army began fighting the Boer war. Over ½ of the volunteers who signed up to join the army were turned down for being too unfit due to under nourishment. b) Rowntree and Booth began promoting a more enlightened and accurate perception of poverty. Many people listened to what they had to say and were influenced by their findings. c) The economies of countries such as Germany and the USA were highly successful because of their workforces. The British workforce hadn t got the stamina or strength to compete and had been taken over by the leading industrial powers. The development of Germany seemed to be linked to the welfare programme introduced by Bismark (the German chancellor) which produced a healthy, efficient workforce. What did the Liberal Government do to help children? Act Date Description Positive Negative 1906 Local councils given the power to provide free school meals to the poorest families By 1914 over 150,000 children were getting free meals once a day School Medical Inspections Doctors and nurses went into schools to give pupils compulsory medical checks The checks were free Poverty was undermining British economy = Competition from already established political groups = d) Important Government ministers such as David Lloyd George had a genuine humanitarian desire to help the poor. These new Liberals believed the State should provide the framework within which everyone could live in security. e) Political rivalry from the Conservative Party who had begun to introduce Welfare Reforms of their own, put pressure on the Liberal Party. Acts such as the Unemployed Act 1905 to help fight the effects of high unemployment created competition for the working class vote. School Clinics Also known as the Children s Charter. Did several things to help children. A network of school clinics were set up that provided free medical treatment for children. Children became protected people. Juvenile courts set up. Children s homes inspected regularly. None The standard of the treatment varied from council to council. f) Political rivalry was rising from the Labour Party. The Labour Party was growing and gaining more seats than ever before (26 seats in 1906).The Labour Party were calling for Welfare Reforms. The Liberal Party were scared that the Labour Party would take members and votes from them.
What did the Liberal Government do to help the sick and unemployed? Act Date Description Positive Negative The Labour Exchange Act A national string of state labour exchanges were set up (like a job centre). None 1911 Workers could get free medical treatment. Opposition The workers and employers Opposition to the reforms Match the opposition to the reason why Reason why they opposed the reforms. Thought it was wrong for poor people to rely on the State as it may allow people to be lazy. Opposed the idea of a nanny state. The Conservatives Opposed the idea of the poor funding their own reforms. National Insurance Act Part 1 This part of the Act aimed to prevent poverty resulting from unemployment by insuring workers against periods when they were out of work. The scheme helped men who were in seasonal employment i.e. shipbuilding and engineering. The rich and the land owners. Opposed the idea of paying into the reforms What did the Government do to help the elderly? Act Date Description Positive Negative The Old Age Pensions Act Gave weekly pensions from the government to the elderly. Promised in 1908 came into effect in 1909 Everyone over the age of 70 was eligible for a state pension The Labour party Believed everyone should look after themselves and their families.
True or False? Statement Victorians believed that a women s role in life was as a wife and a mother. One in three working class women would have been a domestic servant at some point in her life. Working class women had the opportunity to become doctors and lawyers if they studied hard enough Women would have been paid much less than men for doing the same job. Girls from richer families (middle/upper class) would be educated at home with the intention of finding them a husband Middle and upper class women would be given the opportunity to become lawyers and bankers By 1900 London and Manchester Universities accepted women New job opportunities opened up for middle class women such as teaching, nursing and clerical work. By 1900 women could become doctors and architects Middle class women were paid the same as middle class men for the same jobs In a marriage the women was superior to the man By 1900 there were some improvements within marriages such as women could divorce their husbands for acts of cruelty, women could keep their property once married, women no longer had to stay in her husbands home against her will By 1900 wife battering and marital rape had become illegal. If a women did divorce her husband she would lose all rights over her children. True or False? The vote is a way to get rid of other inequalities = Look at what was happening in other countries. = There had been changes in women s roles = Britain is not a democracy until women are given the vote = Voting was a right to which women were entitled to = Match the arguments for votes for women to their descriptions. a) Britain was falling behind other countries. By 1914, many women in the USA had the vote, as well as in New Zealand, parts of Australia, and even the Isle of Man. If in these countries, why not in Britain?. b) Through new types of jobs like typing and teaching, many more women were going out to work. Women were also going to university and becoming doctors. In these, and other ways, women were beginning to destroy the idea of separate spheres. If they were active in these public roles, why shouldn t they get the vote as well? c) Britain could not claim to be a democratic country if over half of its adult population (the women) did not have the right to vote. Other people banned from voting included criminals and the certified insane. It was absurd to put women in the same category. d) Three times in the 19 th century the vote had extended to more and more men. After 1884, most men had the vote. Many women argued, why should an illiterate, uneducated male farm labourer have the vote, when the female landowner he worked for, who was educated and literate, did not? e) By 1900 women were still unequal to men in many ways. Some women believed that the only way to change these inequalities was to get the vote. Once women had the vote they could put pressure on Parliament to change other laws.
Women and men should have separate spheres = Women are already represented by their husbands. = Most women do not want the vote. = It is dangerous to change a system that works = Women do not fight to defend their country = Match the arguments against votes for women to their descriptions. a) Some argued that women did not need to have the vote because their husbands would be representing them when they voted. Wives were expected to have the same political views as their husbands; this meant that giving women the vote would be the same as giving husbands two votes b) As women could not fight in the army or navy, they did not deserve the vote. There was also the worry that if women got the vote, they would not want Britain to fight in wars, as a result, Britain s place in the world would decline. c) Some people believed that women were suited to the private sphere of life, while men were more suited to the public sphere of work and politics. They believed that these separate spheres had been ordained by God. They were convinced that family life would be destroyed if women won the vote. d) Those against giving women the vote argued that the vast majority of women did not want the vote and had no interest in politics. They pointed out that only a small fraction of women joined the protest to gain the vote. Arguments Men and women have separate spheres Women do not fight to defend their country Other countries have given women the vote Voting it a right women should be entitled to Women are already represented by their husbands There have been changes in women s roles Most women do not want the vote It is dangerous to change a system that works Britain is not a true democracy until women have the right to vote The vote is a way of getting rid of other inequalities For or Against? e) This point of view was based on the idea that if it does not work, don t fix it. In other words, the existing political system in Britain worked well. It had, after all, seen Britain become the most powerful country in the world. Making a big change, such as letting women vote, could upset the stability of the system. It was too big a risk to take.
Founded in 1897 Description Founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her two daughters Christabel and Sylvia Also known as Women s Social and Political Union (WSPU) Founded by Lydia Becker and made into a full organisation by Millicent Fawcett Was a democratic organisation (everyone made decisions about what to do) Members were middle and lower class women Headquarters were in London Allowed men in the organisation Used violent methods to win the vote. Also known as National Union of Women s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) Members were middle and upper class women Used non-violent methods to win the vote Founded in 1903 Suffragette or suffragist Different method of winning the vote Propaganda. A newspaper was put into circulation called Votes for Women and it was very popular. The Votes for Women slogan was found everywhere, and their colours of purple, white and green was put on everything including clothes, dolls, jewellery and belts. Particularly effective were posters, postcards and leaflets. Meetings and Demonstrations. Some were held in huge buildings, some in the open air. Demonstrations grew larger and larger with numbers over 20,000 not unusual. They were often reported about in newspapers. They were often great spectacles with banners and flags. Attacking Property. Window smashing was the first type of violence used. It became a deliberate tactic. The windows of government offices, newspaper buildings, gentlemen s clubs and shops were broken. Arson was also a major tactic used. The post was also targeted, chemicals would be poured in post boxes to destroy letters inside. Other attacks included; attacking art galleries and works of art, cutting telegraph wires, burning messages into golf courses No vote, No Golf! Hunger Strikes. Started in 1909 as a way of forcing the authorities to recognise women prisoners as political prisoners rather than ordinary prisoners. It won sympathy for the women involved. Newspapers wrote about the harrowing treatment the women endured in prison, especially when the government started force feeding the women on hunger strike. Civil Disobedience. One argument was if you couldn t vote you shouldn t pay taxes so women refused to pay. The 1911 census was also boycotted. Attacking people. Doctors and policemen were singled out for attack. They were hit, spat at and women threw sharp objects at them. On one occasion an axe was thrown at the Prime Minister. Politicians were also heckled during their meetings. Putting Pressure on Parliament. Effort was directed at Members of Parliament. Petitions were drawn up and sent to Parliament. Women met with MPs to try to persuade them to support votes for women. MP s who did support votes for women were supported. Suffragettes/ suffragists/ both?
Why? Davison's purpose in attending the Derby of 4 June 1913 is unclear. Much has been made of the fact that she purchased a return rail ticket and also a ticket to a suffragette dance later that day, suggesting that martyrdom wasn't her intention. A possibility of her reason for entering the race track was that she was trying to attach a flag to the King's horse, so when the horse crossed the finishing line it would quite literally be flying the suffragette flag. Evidence for this was that she had supposedly been seen in the weeks before stopping horses in the park near her house. However, this is only one of many theories. Where? The Epsom Derby When? 4 th June, 1913, she attended the most important race of the year, the Derby. Who? Emily Wilding Davison (11 October 1872 8 June 1913) was a militant women's suffrage activist. In 1906, she joined the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), founded by Emmeline Pankhurst. Three years later she gave up her job as a teacher and went to work full-time for the suffragette movement. What? Emily Wilding Davison Davison ran out on the course and attempted to grab the bridle of Anmer, a horse owned by King George V. The horse hit Emily and the impact fractured her skull and she died on 8th June without regaining consciousness. Did the violent methods of the suffragettes help? They made female suffrage front page news. They brought it to the attention of the public and the Government. Once the issue of votes for women had been raised, and once it had received so much publicity, it was not going to go away. Sooner or later, women would be given the vote. In 19139 and 1914, the NUWSS was growing in popularity at the expense of the WSPU. Some women were turning away from violence. The violence supported the view that women were not responsible enough to have the vote. They were too emotional and hysterical. There is evidence that, as time passed, the idea of women having the vote was no longer so strange. People were gradually getting used to the idea and beginning to accept it. There is evidence that, as time passed, the idea of women having the vote was no longer so strange. People were gradually getting used to the idea and beginning to accept it. There were times when the Government appeared to be close to agreeing to female suffrage, but it could not be seen to be giving in to violence. The violence played into the hands of the Government. It gave them an excuse not to give in to the suffragettes. They could argue that it was wrong to give in to violence. Asquith was already firmly against women getting the vote, so the violent methods did not make things any worse. Asquith s view, and his Government s harsh treatment of the suffragettes, were not caused by the violence of the suffragettes. Yes or No?
Liberals come to power in Hunger striking begins in the government then responds by force feeding them in the same year Timeline of Events 1906-1918 The NUWSS mud march attracts over 3000 people in The Conciliation Bill was introduced in Why did women get the votes in 1918? Lloyd George replaced Asquith as PM in 1916 he was more sympathetic to the idea of votes for women. The need for reform was needed because soldiers had lost their right to vote by being abroad for a long time. The war work of women destroyed many of the MP s arguments. Work of suffragists / suffragettes Work during the war Other factors Black Friday takes place in as a response to the dropping of the Conciliation Bill The Cat and Mouse Act is introduced in World War One begins in and the suffragettes and the suffragists end their activities and help the war effort. In the WSPU begins a massive campaign of window smashing. Christabel Pankhurst flees to Paris. Emily Wilding Davison kills herself by running out in front of the King s horse at the Derby in Women over the age of 30 are given the vote in Many men were genuinely impressed by women s contribution to the war effort. They had shown they were mature and sensible. One of the arguments against women having the vote was they did not take part in the defence of their country in war. This was now not the case. Conservatives MP s were happy that women under 30 would not get the vote. They had been worried that young working-class women, like the munitions workers, would vote Labour. Liberal and Labour MP s were happy that all women over 30 would gain the vote as they would not all vote Conservative. The Government was afraid that the Suffragettes would restart their campaigning after the war.
How were civilians affected by the war? VOLUNTEERS When the war broke out, Britain had a small army of around _, _ professional soldier. Lord _, Secretary of State for war needed at least 1 million so the Government started a massive recruitment drive. It used _, _ and speeches by politicians to urge men to join up. Many men join together in the. By March 1916 over _. _ million men had volunteered. 2.5 Kitchener posters Pals Battalions 250,000 pamphlets CONSCRIPTION. It slowly became clear there was not enough volunteers to replace the dead and wounded soldiers. So in _ Parliament passed the first Conscription Act. This made military service for all men between the ages of and. Three months later this was extended to all _ men. Many people regarded conscription as. compulsory January fair 1916 41 single 18 married CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS. These were men who for _ or reasons could not contemplate killing another human being. Few people at the time had any for conscientious objectors. There was only, _ of them during World War One. 16, 000 humanitarian sympathy religious SHELLS, BOMBS AND THREATS OF INVASION. In German battleships shelled towns along the North of _, Hartlepool and. 119 men, women and children were killed. In January German airships (Zeppelins) bombed Great and King s. Overall 564 people were killed. In _ 1917 German Gotha bombers raided Folkestone and killed people, the following month bombers raided London killing _ people. Overall Germany made 27 bomber raids on British towns killing 835 people. How was Britain organised for war? DORA Defence of the Realm Acts Industry Mining Shipping Munitions Railways Match the industry to the description Description Needed to move troops around the country, to and from training camps and to ports from where they would be taken to the battle fronts. The Government took control of the railways and ran them as a single unified system. One of the first things the Gov did was take control of the coal industry. Their profits were fixed and the Gov took any surplus. David Lloyd George became PM in 1916 and set up a Ministry of Shipping. He requisitioned merchant ships for vital imports. When German U boats were sinking British merchant ships the Ministry of Shipping imposed a system whereby merchant ships sailed accompanied by battleships. In 1915 the Daily Mail exposed a munitions crisis which became a national scandal. The munitions industry simply could not keep up. The Gov set up a Ministry of Munitions, under the control of DLG, to increase the production of armaments. New shell factories were built and the latest machinery was used. 162 Yarmouth 1914 May Scarborough 1915 January Lynn East Whitby 95
Timeline of Main events 1915-1918 What type of propaganda is being described? Choose from below In August all men and women between the ages of 16-65 had to register their personal details ready for work. David Lloyd George attacked the idea of business of usual in a series of speeches in German U boats were sinking one in four British merchant ships by The Women s Land Army was set up in to encourage women to join the war effort and help with food shortages. By an additional 3 million acres of arable land had been brought into cultivation. By industry, especially the munitions, were desperately low on workers. Food shortages start to occur in Lloyd George introduced voluntary rationing in In compulsory rationing was introduced. sugar, meat, butter, jam and margarine were rationed. In WWI ended, Germany was blamed and the British public wanted revenge! Description The main source of information for the public. The Government fully controlled them. To start with correspondents were not allowed at the Front. They did not report bad news early in the war. No casualty lists were published until 1915. Britain had just four official photographers on the Western Front. British photographers were not allowed to photograph the dead and the dying in the early years of the war. The first official British war artists were appointed in 1916 and at first the Government expected them to contribute to propaganda. However when Lord Beaverbrook became Minister of Information in 1916 he allowed artists to work more freely. Visual impact of these was tremendous. In the first years of the war, between 2 and 5 million copied of 110 different posters were issued. These aimed to persuade people to contribute to the war effort by mocking the Germans and praising the efforts of Britain. Perhaps the most well known is The Battle of the Somme. It was well received by the British public and far more successful than the actual battle. Official films Official photographs Official paintings Newspaper reports Posters, postcards and cartoons What is being described?