Conditions in Sweden Villa Vigoni Conference on Reporting in Europe Measuring and Monitoring Progress in European Societies Is Life Still Getting Better? March 9-11, 2010 Danuta Biterman The National Board of Health and Welfare Stockholm, Sweden
rapport 2010 is the fifth in a series of Swedish national reports on social conditions. Previous reports were issued 1994, 1997, 2001 and 2006 Report is to give a current overview of how social conditions develop in Sweden with special focus on those groups who are socially and financially disadvantaged
- Contents Chapter 1: Transnational migration Chapter 2: Attachment to the labour market and establishment of young adults Chapter 3: Dynamics and extent of poverty: Sweden 1991 2007 Chapter 4: Multiple social problems: Sweden in the comparative perspective Chapter 5: consequences of illness Chapter 6: Residential segregation Chapter 7: School grades, education and risks of adverse development in children Chapter 8: Undocumented immigrants
Trends during the 2000s More people are able to earn their own living, but the proportion of people outside both the labour market and the social insurance systems has remained unchanged (3 4%).
Labour market status 1992 2006. Women and men aged 20 64 Per cent 100 90 80 Women Per cent 100 90 80 Men Economically Inactive Alternative Means of Support 70 70 New arrivals 60 50 40 60 50 40 Long-term sick leave/ Disability pension Students 30 20 10 0 1992 94 96 98 00 02 04 2006 Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden 30 Insecure Workforce 20 10 Core Workforce 0 1992 94 96 98 00 02 04 2006
Labour market categories: Core workforce Income from work SUFFICIENT at least during 2 of 3 consecutive years Unemployment and/or Sick leave benefits Disability pension At most during 1 of 3 consecutive years None of 3 consecutive years Resident in Sweden All of 3 consecutive years SUFFICIENT INCOME the lowest annual income from work which is sufficient for supporting oneself 3.5 Price Base Amount 1992: 1 Price Base Amount 3793 2006: 1 Price Base Amount 4469 (3.5 PBA 15 650 /year) (exchange rate as in January 2011)
Unemployment rate in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and EU15 1990 2008 Proportion unemployed of the labour force aged 16 64 Per cent 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1990 92 94 96 98 2000 02 04 06 2008 Data source: EU Labour Force Survey, Eurostat. Sweden Denmark Norway Finland EU15
Young adults
Labour market status 1992 2006. Young adults aged 20 24 and 25 34 Per cent 100 20 24 years Per cent 100 25 34 years Economically Inactive 90 90 80 80 Alternative Means of Support 70 70 New arrivals 60 60 50 50 Long-term sick leave/ Disability pension 40 40 Students 30 30 20 20 Insecure Workforce 10 10 Core Workforce 0 0 1992 94 96 98 00 02 04 2006 1992 94 96 98 00 02 04 2006 Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden
Unemployment rate among young adults in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and EU15 1990 2008 Proportion unemployed of the labour force aged 20 24 Per cent 40 30 20 10 0 1996 98 2000 02 04 06 2008 Data source: EU Labour Force Survey, Eurostat. Sweden Denmark Norway Finland EU15
Unemployment rate in three age groups 1976 2010 Per cent 25 20 15 10 5 0 1976 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 02 04 06 08 2010 New def. of unemployment: Data source: AKU, Statistics Sweden 20 24 years 25 34 years 35 64 years 20 24 years 25 34 years 35 64 years
Share of young adults in the core workforce after given number of years following lack of economical activity Aged 22 33 in year 1 Per cent 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2001 Data Source: Statistics Sweden 1992 1996 Lack of economical activity 1990/1991 1994/1995 1999/2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Number of years
Share of young adults in the core workforce after given number of years following full-time studies Aged 22 33 in year 1 Per cent 80 70 60 1996 50 40 2001 30 20 10 0 Data Source: Statistics Sweden 1992 Full-time studies 1991 1995 2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Number of years
Poverty and social problems
Income inequality in Sweden 1991 2007 Percentile ratio Gini coefficient 5,00 0,50 4,50 0,45 4,00 0,40 3,50 0,35 3,00 0,30 2,50 0,25 2,00 0,20 1,50 0,15 1,00 0,10 0,50 0,05 0,00 0,00 1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 2007 P95/P05, incl. capital income Gini coefficient, incl. capital income Data source: HEK, Statistics Sweden P95/P05, excl. capital income Gini coefficient, excl. capital income
EU25 Slovenia Sweden Slovakia Norway Denmark Czech Republic Belgium Finland France Malta Hungary Austria Luxemburg Island Netherlands Cyprus Germany Irland Spain Italy Poland Estonia United Kingdom Greece Lithuania Latvia Portugal 0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 Data Source: Eurostat Gini coefficient Income inequality in EU25, 2007 Equivalized disposable income
Income trends 1991 2007 Equivalized disposable income, excl. income from capital, in 2007 price level SEK 400 000 350 000 300 000 250 000 200 000 150 000 P95 P90 Mean Median P10 P05 100 000. 50 000 0 1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 2007 Data source: HEK, Statistics Sweden 1 SEK 0.9 1.0
EU15 EU27 Island Czech Republic Netherlands Slovakia Sweden Slovenia Austria Denmark Norway Hungary France Finland Malta Luxemburg Germany Belgium Cyprus Poland Portugal Croatia Irland Estonia Lithuania United Kingdom Italy Spain Greece Latvia Bulgaria Romania 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Per cent After transfers Before transfers Data Source: Eurostat At-risk-ofpoverty rate in Europe before and after transfers Total population, 2007 Equivalized disposable income
Measuring Poverty Proportion of poor 1991 2007, according to 4 different measures Per cent 20 18 16 Without cash margin 14 12 10 8 Below the absolute poverty line Below 60% of median income (relative poverty line) 6 4 2 0 1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 2008 Data sorce: HEK and ULF (cash margin), Statistics Sweden In household with social assistance Equivalized disposable income
Absolute poverty line A poverty line which is based on the inflationadjusted norm for social assistance in 1985. This norm takes its departure in a calculation of necessary expenses for an acceptable (or decent) level of living. This absolute poverty line defines the same purchasing power over the time period.
Outflow from absolute poverty Proportion of inflow cohorts remaining in uninterrupted poverty Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households Proportion remaining poor 60 50 40 30 Inflow cohorts 1991 1995 1999 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden Years since entry into poverty 2003 2005
Poverty is most common among Young adults Immigrants especially new arrivals People living in single households Single mothers with young children (up to 18 yrs old) run a distinctly higher risk of both long-term (at least 5 years) and repeated poverty the proportion of long-term recipients of social assistance is approximately twice as high as for the population as a whole
Long-term poverty Risk for long-term poverty (five years or longer) has continued to decrease in all population groups during the 2000s. Between 3 and 4 per cent of the population live in long-term poverty during any given year.
How to define long-term poverty 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1991 95 99 03 2007 Poverty eposodes at least 5 yrs or longer Poverty episodes shorter than 5 yrs
Prevalence of long-term poverty in different family types 1994 2003 Episodes of at least five years poverty Long-term poor Per cent 10 9 8 Single mothers, children aged <18 Living alone 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden. 1994 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 2003 Single fathers, children aged <18 Married/cohabitants, children aged <18 Married/cohabitants, childless Single mothers, children aged 18+ Single fathers, children aged 18+ Married/cohabitants, children aged 18+ Year Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households
problems problem Unemployment Financial problems Ill-health Overcrowding Insecurity Indicator Respondent or his/hers spouse are not working but are seeking or waiting for work, are unemployed or are laid off during measurement week Respondent states that his/hers household is able to make ends meet with great difficulty or with difficulty Respondent considers his/hers health status to be fair, bad or very bad The accommodation is overcrowd if NOT every member of household (married or cohabiting couple is regarded here as one household member) has his/hers own room, not counting kitchen and one room Respondent states that he/she has problems with crime, violence or vandalism in the residential area
Prevalence of social problems in Europe, 2006 Populations aged 18 75 Per cent 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Sweden Nordic countries Data source: EU-SILC, Eurostat. Continental Europe United Kingdom and Irland Southern Europe Eastern Europe EU25* Unemployment Overcrowding Insecurity Financial problems Ill-health *excl. Malta, incl. Island and Norway
Denmark Norway Sweden Netherlands Island Finland Austria Luxemburg Belgium United Kingdom Irland France Spain Cyprus Italy Greece Portugal Germany Czech Republic Estonia Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Data source: EU-SILC, Eurostat 0 20 40 60 80 Per cent Prevalence of two or more social problems in 26 European countries, 2006 Populations aged 18 75
Immigrants in Sweden
In- and out-migration in Sweden 1851 2009 Migration persons/year 120 000 100 000 2009 Population 9 000 000 8 000 000 80 000 60 000 40 000 20 000 0 1850 60 70 80 90 1900 10 20 30 40 1950 60 70 80 90 2000 10 Data source: Statistics Sweden 1994 1970 1989 2003 1887 1869 1903 1923 Immigration Emigration Population 7 000 000 6 000 000 5 000 000 4 000 000 3 000 000 2 000 000 1 000 000 0
Immigrants in Sweden Out of more than 9 millions inhabitants in Sweden are 1,3 millions persons (14%) born abroad (2009). They originate from almost 200 countries. 8 large immigrant groups constituted slightly more than half of the foreign born population: those born in Finland, the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Poland, Iran, Germany, Denmark and Norway. The groups that increased the most in Sweden during the 2000s came from Afghanistan, Thailand, Iraq, China and Russia.
In Sweden, like in many other European countries, immigration has become an important complement to balancing the aging population
There are big differences between Sweden-born population and various immigrant groups considering their attachment to the labour market. However, those differences have been decreasing during the 2000s.
Proportion of persons in Core Workforce aged 20 64, by birth region, 1992 2006 Per cent 70 60 Born in Sweden 50 40 30 Other Western countries* North East Europe 20 10 0 1992 94 96 98 00 02 04 2006 *incl. USA, Canada, Australia and New Zeeland Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden South East Europe Middle East & North Africa
Share of young adults in the core workforce after given number of years following arrival to Sweden Aged 22 33 in year 1 Per cent 80 70 60 50 1996 40 2001 30 20 10 0 Data Source: Statistics Sweden Arrival 1992 1990/1991 1994/1995 1999/2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Number of years
Proportion of long-term poor among those born abroad and born in Sweden 1994 2003 Poverty episodes at least 5 years or longer Per cent 14 12 Born abroad 10 8 6 4 2 0 1994 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 2003 Year Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden. Born in Sweden Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households
Proportion of persons born abroad and born in Sweden among the long-term poor 1994 and 2003 Poverty episodes at least 5 years or longer 1994 Born abroad 2003 Born abroad Born in Sweden Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden. Born in Sweden Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households
Residential segregation When various population groups differ in their residential patterns i.e. when they are unevenly distributed across subunits of a given metropolitan area
Concentration of immigrants to Swedish Urban Areas, 2007 Per cent 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Greater Stockholm Greater Gothenburg Total population Greater Malmö Foreign-born Other big cities Source: Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden 2007-12-31 Total population in Sweden: 9 183 000 persons Total foreign-born population: 1 228 000 persons (14%)
The ethnic residential segregation in the three Swedish Metropolitan Areas has stabilised during the 2000s, after having previously increased Segregation index 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1990 92 94 96 98 2000 02 04 2006 Greater Malmö Greater Gothenburg Greater Stockholm Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden
The economic residential segregation tends to increase during the time period Segregation index 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 1990 92 94 96 98 2000 02 04 2006 Greater Malmö Greater Gothenburg Greater Stockholm Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden
Visible immigrants Persons born in Southeast Europe and out-of-europe countries, excluding USA, Canada, Australia and New Zeeland
Distribution of visible immigrants by various types of neighbourhoods in Swedish metropolitan areas, 2006 Poor 27% 26% Born in Sweden Very poor 27% 13% 4% Economically integrated/ slightly impoverished 22% 57% Well-off 24% Neighbourhood types by economic development Totally in all urban neighbourhoods in the three metropolitan areas: Population born in Sweden: 2 491 005 Visible immigrants: 383 741 Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden
Share of persons who earn their own living* in different types of urban neighbourhoods 1990, 1997 and 2006 Population aged 20-64 in all three Metropolitan Areas Per cent 80 70 1990 1997 2006 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Predominantly Swedish-born population Ethnically integrated, elements of visible minorities Predominantly visible minorities Almost exclusively visible minorities Ethnic type of neighbourhood develop- *with annual income from work of 3,5 Price Base Amount or more Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden
There is a clear connection between the ethnic and economic segregation in the Metropolitan Areas In the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods live mainly poor visible immigrants