What Is the European Union and Why Is It Important? Gary Marks Burton Craige Distinguished Professor UNC-Chapel Hill

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Transcription:

What Is the European Union and Why Is It Important? Gary Marks Burton Craige Distinguished Professor UNC-Chapel Hill

Four Perspectives 1. Peace 2. Democracy 3. Protest 4. Survival

PERSPECTIVE ONE Peace World War I: 16 million dead World War II: 60 million dead Nationalism: the most deadly force in human history

A United States of Europe I WISH TO SPEAK TO YOU TODAY about the tragedy of Europe... The first step in the re-creation of the European Family must be a partnership between France and Germany... We must build a kind of United States of Europe.Therefore I say to you: Let Europe Arise! Zurich, 19 Sept 1946

How can war be averted?... only one solution: we must bind ourselves inextricably to Germany... Jean Monnet The Schuman Declaration The French government proposes that Franco-German production of coal and steel as a whole be placed under a common High Authority...as a first step in the federation of Europe. Any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible. Robert Schuman, 9 May 1950 JJean Monnet Robert Schuman

Three Landmarks The European Coal and Steel Community (1951): Succeeded. European Defence Community (1954): Failed. The European Economic Community (1957): Succeeded.

PERSPECTIVE TWO Democracy It s no secret... We actually know how to consolidate democracy

Copenhagen criteria Membership requires that the candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing... 1) the rule of law, human rights and respect for, and protection of minorities 2) democratic institutions, including freedom of association, freedom of the press, and independent courts 3) a functioning market economy

PERSPECTIVE THREE Protest no! No! NO!

http://europa.sp.nl/ campagne2004/waakhond.shtml Criticism on the radical left

Elites and public on Europe Sources: a) elites, Intune (Fall 2007) b) public opinion: Eurobarometer 68 (Fall 2007)

REFERENDA ON EUROPE 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1981-90 1991-00 2001-10 EU Referenda "NO" votes

IDENTITY Source: Public Opinion (Eurobarometer June 2010)

MORE EUROPEAN MORE NATIONAL 1=exclusive national identity 2= national and european identity Eurobarometer 1992-1998

PERSPECTIVE FOUR Survival Why the EU is the world s most important experiment

A growing number of public bads are transnational

climate change nuclear proliferation financial regulation failing states biodiversity loss ocean exhaustion deforestation overfishing nuclear waste disposal refugees acid rain These are TRANSNATIONAL problems with uneven costs

national sovereignty is seriously suboptimal

The European Union is the world s most important experiment in creating supranational government

It is only through failure and through experiment that we learn and grow. Isaac Stern

It is only through failure and through experiment that we learn and grow. Isaac Stern

PERSPECTIVE FOUR Efficiency n Multilevel governance must be a priority. José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, 2009. Develop as quickly as possible practical measures... with a view to strengthening multilevel governance. October 2008 resolution of the European Parliament

The world...... Europe Länder in Germany Regierungsbezirke in Bayern MULTI-LEVEL GOVERNANCE Kreise in Oberbayern Bezirke in München

Principles of Multilevel Governance Centralize where necessary Decentralize where possible

Match the scale of government to the scale of problem: Local: garbage pickup Regional: urban sprawl National: land usage; transport network Continental: Rhine pollution Global: climate change

1950: sovereign national states National legal systems, armies, taxation, parliaments, welfare health, education Inside countries: legitimate authority, the rule of law, democracy, liberty, equality Outside countries: no legitimate authority, no effective legal or normative order, anarchy, power politics, war

Regionalization in Europe BRITAIN Scottish, Welsh parliaments, 1997 FRANCE Elected regional governments,1982 GERMANY Federal constitution, 1949 ITALY Elected regional governments, 1976. Strengthened, 1996. SPAIN Autonomous regions, 1978. Strengthened, 1993; 1998.

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