SEVENTH EDITION A New History of Social Weif are Phyllis J. Day with Jerome H. Schiele University of Georgia PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Contents Preface xix 1. Values In Social Weifare 1 Values in Social Weifare 4 What Are Values? 5 Foundations of Charity and Control 5 Dominant American Social Values 6 Judaeo-Christian Charity Values 7 Democratic Egalitarianism and Individualism 8 The Protestant Work Ethic and Capitalism 9 Social Darwinism 10 The New Puritanism 10 Patriarchy 11 White Privilege 12 Marriage and the Nuclear Family 13 The "American Ideal": "Looksism" and "Otherism" 14 Issues of Discrimination 15 Classism and Poverty 15 Institutional Discrimination 19 Conclusion: Values and Power 25 PRACTICE TEST 27 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 28 2. The Institution of Social Weifare: An Overview 29 The Meaning of Social Institution 30 The Economy 31 The Polity 32 The Family and Religion 33 Social Weifare 34 Perspectives on Social Weifare 35 The Residual Perspective 36 The Institutional Perspective 38 Newer Perspectives in Social Weifare 39
Confents The Scope of Social Weifare 44 Life Necessity Services: Overview 45 Educational, Recreational, or Rehabilitative Services: Overview Protective or Custodial Services: Overview 48 Persona] Social Services: Overview 49 The Profession of Social Work 50 The Emergence of the Profession 52 Conclusion: Social Work and Social Control 55 PRACTICE TEST 56 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 57 3. The Beginnings of Social Weifare 58 The Beginnings of History 6000 1200 B.C.E. 59 Africa: Birthplace of Humankind 60 Mesopotamia in the Bronze Age: To 1200 B.C.E. 61 Invasion, Conquest, and Patriarchal Religion 63 The Israelite Influence 63 Moving Into The Iron Age: 1200-400 B.C.E. 66 Early Judaic Social Weifare 66 The Dynasties of China 67 India and the Caste System 68 Greece, Christianity, and the Roman Empire 69 Greece and the City-States 69 Early Roman Society and the Beginning of Christianity 72 Jesus and the New Religion 75 State and Church in Rome 77 Conclusion: Beginnings of Charity and Control 80 PRACTICE TEST 81 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 82 4. Feudalism and the Weifare State 83 The Dark and Middle Ages 85 The Feudal Society 88 The Scientific Revolution 90 The Church and Social Weifare 92 Forms of Private Weifare 93 The Dissolution of Feudalism 94 The Black Death and the Witchcraze 95 Poverty Becomes a Crime 97 The Statute of Laborers 97 The Commercial Revolution 99
Contents xi The Protestant Reformation: New Meanings for Work and Weifare 99 Lutheranism, Calvinism, and the Work Ethic 100 Women Under Protestantism 101 Social Weifare and WorkMorality 102 Social Weifare in England: The Tudor Period 103 The Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1601 104 Almshouses for the Impotent Poor 106 Dependent Children 107 SturdyBeggars: The Able-Bodied Poor 107 Prisons 108 Overview of Social Weifare in Englan d 109 The Industrial Revolution and the Emergence of Capitalism 109 The Emergence of Capitalism 110 The Industrial Revolution and the New Poor Law 111 Conclusion: Reifying the Values of the Fast 114 PRACTICETEST 115 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 116 5. Social Weifare Moves to the Americas 117 The Indigenous Peoples of America 120 The European Invasion of North America 122 The French in the New World 125 The Spanish in the New World 126 The Dutch in North America 128 The English in New England 129 Work in North America 131 The Practice of Indenture 131 Women in the Colonies 133 Social Weifare in the Colonies 136 Early American Poor Laws 136 Private Philanthropy 140 Slavery in the Americas 141 The Golden Triangle and the Triangular Trade 143 Toward the Revolution 145 Women in the Revolution 145 The New Nation and its Constitution 146 Conclusion: Revolution to Status Quo 148 PRACTICETEST 149 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 150
xii Ccmfonfs 6. America to the Civil War 151 The First Civil Rights Movement 153 Immigration and Migration 154 Employment and Unionization 156 Private Philanthropy 158 Religious Answers to Poverty 158 Social Reform Ideals 159 The Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor 160 Special-Interest Charities 161 Government Responses 162 Outdoor Relief 165 Special Treatment in the 1800s 166 Medical Care and General Hospitals 166 Mental Hospitals and Psychiatry 168 Education 169 Care of Blind, Deaf and Developmentally Disabled People 170 Social Control 171 Juvenile Justice Systems 171 Adult Criminals and Penitentiaries 172 Nonwhite Minorities: Expendable Commodities in the New Nation 173 Native Americans: A Case of Genocide 173 Chinese in America 176 The Contributions of People of African Descent 176 Hispanic Americans 182 The Women's Movement in the 1800s 183 Conclusion: Working toward Freedom 185 PRACTICE TEST 187 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 188 7. The American Weifare State Begins 189 The Civil War: A New Nation Emerges 192 Charity in the Civil War 194 After the Civil War 195 The Freedmen's Bureau 195 Services for Veterans 195 Postwar Political Economy 196 Labor and Unionization 197 Population, Immigration, and the People 199 White Immigration, African-American Migration 199 Asian Immigrants 199 Native Americans After the War 201 Emancipation and the Plight of the Freedmen 202 "True Womanhood" 205
Conf&nk xiii Emerging Philosophies and Social Weifare 208 Social Darwinism and the Charity Organization Society 209 Private Interest Agencies 212 Populism and the Settlement House Movement 213 Child-Saving 215 Public Weifare Efforts 218 Professionalization of Social Work 220 Conclusion: Moving toward Reform 222 PRACTICE TEST 223 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 224 8. The Progressive Era, War, and Recovery 225 The Progressive Era 227 Population Movements and Immigration 230 Immigration Acts 231 Oppression of African Americans and Native Americans 233 African-American Leaders 234 Native Americans 237 Labor and the Unions 237 Women and Unions 238 Social Weifare in the Progressive Era 239 Reforms for Children 241 Medical and Psychiatric Social Work 245 Veterans' Weifare 247 Aid to Blind People and Aid to People with Disahilities 247 Old Age Assistance 248 Unemployment Insurance and Workers' Compensation 249 Juvenile and Criminal fustice 250 Women's Movements and Peace Protests 250 Suffrage 251 Women and Health 252 Abortion and Contraception 254 The Professionalization of Social Work 256 Conclusion: New Freedoms and Old Constraints 257 PRACTICE TEST 258 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 259 9. The Great Depression and Social Security for Americans 260 The Great Depression 263 Social Revolt and Temporary Relief 265 Roosevelt's Emergency Measures 266 Eleanor Roosevelt and Women in the New Deal 270
xiv Social Insurance in the United States 271 Programs of Social Insurance Based on Social Security Acts 273 Old Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) 274 Unemployment Compensation: Title III 274 Workers' Compensation: State Social Insurance 275 Public Assistance Programs of the Social Security Acts 276 Old Age Assistance (OAA) 276 Aid to the Blind (AB) and Aid to the Disabled (AD) 276 Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) 277 Maternal and Child Weifare Act: Title V 278 The Professionalization of Social Work 279 World War II 281 Internment of Japanese Americans 281 The War Years 282 The War and People of Minorities 284 Social Weifare Services: The War and After 286 Women After the War 287 The Resurgence of Social Work 289 Reorganizing Federal Social Weifare Efforts 291 The American Dream 291 Conclusion: Moving Toward the Future 292 PRACTICE TEST 293 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 294 10. Civil and Weifare Rights in the New Reform Era 295 The State of the Nation Under Eisenhower 298 Social Programs in the 1950s 299 Social Insurance 300 Public Assistance 300 Civil Rights Before Kennedy 303 African Americans 303 Native Americans 305 Hispanic Americans 306 Chinese Americans 307 Civil Rights in the Kennedy-Johnson Years 308 Johnson and the Great Society 309 The Civil Rights Act and Continued Protest 309 The Voting Rights Act and New Legal Rights 314 Social Programs in the Kennedy-Johnson Years 315 Kennedy's Social Security Amendments 316 The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 317 Programs Amended Under Johnson 320 Other Kennedy-Johnson Social Programs 322
Contents xv Weifare, Civil Rights, and the Social Work Profession 325 Conclusion: Looking Back on the 1960s 326 PRACTICE TEST 328 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 329 11. The Return to the Past 330 A Retreat From the Weifare State 331 Social Programs in the 1970s 334 Social Insurance 334 Public Assistance Programs 336 Other Social Weifare Programs 340 Food Stamps 340 Comprehensive Education and Training Act (CETA) 340 Education and Youth Programs 341 Housing 342 Juvenile Protection and Adult Corrections 342 Civil Rights in the 1970s 343 Native Americans 343 Japanese Americans 346 Other Asian Americans 347 Mexican Americans 347 Puerto Ricans and Cubans 348 African Americans 349 Women 351 Gay Liberation 353 Conclusion: Tightening the Reins 354 PRACTICE TEST 355 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 356 12. The Reactionary Vision 357 Biting The Conservative Bullet 358 Reaganomics: The Conservative Political Economy 360 The New Federalism 362 Privatization 362 New Federalism: Returning Programs to States 363 Pruning the Programs 365 Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance 366 Unemployment Insurance and the New Poor 367 Public Assistance Programs 368 The Family Support Act (FSA) of 1988 370
xvi CoHfanfs Basic Needs Programs 372 Reaganomics and Nutrition 372 Reaganomics and Health Care 373 Housing in the 1980s 375 Education and Training 377 Civil Rights Under Reagan and Bush 378 The Costs of Social Weifare 381 Estimating Poverty 381 How Much Did Weifare Cost in the Reagan Era? 382 The International Element 383 Conclusion: Past Ideology in a Postindustrial World 383 PRACTICE TEST 385 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 386 13. The Decline of Social Responsibility 387 Clinton and the Republican Congress 388 Weifare As We Knew It 389 The "Contract with America" 389 Restructuring Public Assistance: Losing the Safety Net 390 The Structure of TANF 392 The Place of Values in TANF 396 Did TANF Work? 399 Other Safety Net Programs in the Clinton Era 401 Supplemental Security Income (SSI) 401 Earned Income Tax Credits (EITCs) and Child and Dependent Care Credits fcdccsj 402 Social Insurance 403 Nutrition Programs: Food Stamps, WIC, and Child Nutrition 405 Homelessness and Housing 406 Health Care in America 407 Health Insurance 407 Medicare 409 Medicaid 410 Social Issues 411 Empowerment Enterprise Zones 411 Cr im e Control 411 Education 413 Employment and Jobs 413 Affirmative Action and Civil Rights 414 Private Charity 416 Weifare for the Wealthy and Corporate Weifare 417 Capital Assets and Tax Cuts 417 Corporate Weifare 418 Globalization, the International Economy, and American Social Weifare 422
Confents xvii Conclusion 425 PRACTICE TEST 427 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 428 14. Spiraling Down to Weifare Fast 429 The Bush/Cheney Presidency 430 Oil and War 431 Religion and the Presidency 431 The Conservative Economy and Poverty 432 Social Weifare in the Bush/Cheney Administration 434 Faith-Based Initiatives 434 Levels oflncome Security 435 The First Level: Employment 435 The Second Level: Social Insurance 437 The Third Level: Public Assistance Programs 438 Health Care Under the Bush/Cheney Presidency 443 Medicare 443 Medicaid 444 State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) 445 Other Health Programs and Issues 445 Education 447 Juvenile and Criminal Justice Systems 448 Juvenile Justice 448 Criminal Justice System 449 Our "Ism-Ridden" Society 450 Racism 450 Sexism in the United States 451 Conclusion: Where are the Social Workers? 452 PRACTICE TEST 454 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 455 15. Political Stonewalls 456 The Bitter Remnants of the Bush Administration 457 The Historical Significance of the 2008 Election 457 The Economic Morass 458 Social Weifare in the Obama Administration 459 Obama's Signature Acts: Health Care and Stimulus Acts 459 Unemployment, Homelessness, and Housing 460 Human Rights and Justice 461
xviii Social Issues and Vulnerable Populations 467 Women 467 People of Color 468 LGBT Persons 469 The Elderly and Disahled 470 Portending the Future 471 Tea Party Movement 471 Mid-Term Elections 472 The Arab Spring 474 Social Work and the Obama Administration 474 The World in Turmoil 475 Conclusion: Afterword 476 Cycles of Power 476 Cycles ofhistory 477 The "Why" of Values Analysis 478 Toward the Future 478 PRACTICE TEST 480 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 481 Notes 482 Photo Credits 511 Index 512