Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour April 2018 2016 Census Topic: Journey to Work
Contents General Information... 2 Section 1 Place of Work... 2 1.1 Overview... 2 1.1 Sub-Provincial... 3 Section 2 Main Mode of Commuting... 4 2.1 Overview... 4 2.2 Sub-Provincial... 6 Section 3 Commuting Distance... 7 3.1 Overview... 7 3.2 Sub-Provincial... 9 Section 4 Commuting Duration... 9 4.1 Overview... 9 4.2 Sub-Provincial... 10 Section 5 Commuting Destination and Commuting Flow... 11 5.1 Overview... 11 5.2 Sub-Provincial... 12 Page 1 of 18
General Information On November 29, 2017 the sixth and final wave of data from the 2016 Census of Population was released. This document will cover some of the key findings concerning the journey to work data that was included in this release, focusing on New Brunswick. Access to public transportation, distance from work and financial circumstances are just a few of the major factors that influence an individual s decision on how they commute to work. These decisions do not only influence the individuals who are making them however, but rather, have widespread social, economic, health and environmental implications. Pollution, road congestion, infrastructure maintenance, and health outcomes are just some of the topics that can be largely shaped by how individuals commute to work. Section 1 Place of Work 1.1 Overview At the time of the Census, of the employed population i in the province: 82.7% had a usual place of work, 11.2% had no fixed workplace address, 5.7% worked from home and 0.4% worked outside Canada. Distribution of Employed Population by Place of Work (2016) Place of Work New Brunswick Canada Usual place of work 82.7% 80.6% No fixed workplace address 11.2% 11.5% Worked at home 5.7% 7.4% Worked outside Canada 0.4% 0.5% Compared to the country as a whole, relatively few New Brunswickers worked from home in 2016. At the time of the Census, only 5.7% of employed New Brunswickers worked from home (for their primary job), compared to 7.4% nationally. At the time of the Census, New Brunswickers employed in art, culture, recreation and sport occupations (22.7%), management occupations (10.0%) or natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations (9.4%), were the most likely to be working from home, while those employed in manufacturing and utilities occupations (1.6%) or health occupations (2.0%) were the least likely to be working from home. Page 2 of 18
Percentage of Employed Population That Worked At Home (2016) 7.4% 4.6% 7.0% 6.6% 5.7% 6.7% 7.3% 6.9% 10.9% 7.8% 8.5% 7.2% 3.6% 3.0% Canada NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC YT NT NU Between 2006 and 2016, the percentage of the employed population that worked from home declined from 5.9% to 5.7% within the province, and from 7.7% to 7.4% nationally. This decline is likely in large part related to the decline in agriculture related employed that was seen during this time. 1.1 Sub-Provincial Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) and Census Agglomerations (CAs) are formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). CMAs must have a population of at least 100,000, of which at least 50% must live within the core, while CAs must have a core population of at least 10,000. Full definitions for CMAs and CAs can be found on www.statcan.gc.ca Those living in locations outside the province s seven CMA/CAs were less likely to have a usual place of work, and in turn, more likely to have no fixed workplace address or work from home. This is in large part related to the types of occupations that those living in non-cma/ca parts of the province were employed in (agriculture, trades, etc.). CMA/CA Usual Place of Work No Fixed Workplace Address Work at Home Worked Outside of Canada Three Major Centres 84.5% 9.5% 5.6% 0.4% Fredericton 84.6% 9.0% 6.0% 0.4% Moncton 84.4% 9.3% 6.0% 0.3% Saint John 84.6% 10.1% 4.9% 0.3% Other CMA/CAs 84.9% 10.5% 4.2% 0.4% Non-CMA/CA 79.1% 14.1% 6.4% 0.4% New Brunswick 82.7% 11.2% 5.7% 0.4% Page 3 of 18
Section 2 Main Mode of Commuting 2.1 Overview 'Main mode of commuting' refers to the main mode of transportation a person uses to travel between his or her home and his or her place of work. Persons who indicated that they either had no fixed workplace address, or specified a usual workplace address, were asked to identify the mode of transportation they usually used to commute from home to work. A car, truck or van was the main mode of commuting for 91.3% of employed New Brunswickers in 2016. This percentage was much higher than the Canadian average (79.5%), and was second highest among the provinces and territories; however, this percentage was fairly in line with those of the other Atlantic Provinces. Percentage of Employed Population by Main Mode of Commuting (2016) New Brunswick Atlantic Provinces Canada Car, Truck or Van 91.3% 88.5% 79.5% As a Driver 83.6% 80.9% 74.0% As a Passenger 7.7% 7.6% 5.5% Sustainable Transportation 7.3% 9.7% 19.3% Public Transit 2.3% 3.9% 12.4% Walking or Biking 5.0% 5.8% 6.9% Other ii 1.5% 1.8% 1.2% Percentage of Commuters That Used a Car, Truck or Van to Get to Work (2016) 79.5% 89.1% 91.9% 85.4% 91.3% 78.2% 77.9% 82.4% 88.9% 82.9% 76.0% 82.3% 67.0% 46.9% Canada NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC YT NT NU Between 2006 and 2016, the percentage of the employed population whose main method commuting was a car, truck, or van rose by 2.2 percentage points within the province, but fell 0.5 percentage points nationally. Page 4 of 18
Among the provinces and territories, New Brunswick had the fourth lowest percentage (2.3%) of commuters that took public transit to work in 2016, with only Prince Edward Island, Nunavut and Northwest Territories having lower percentages. The significantly higher percentage of commuters who were using public transit at a national level (12.4%) was driven almost entirely by the country s largest metropolitan areas. Of those in the province (and more generally all of the Atlantic Provinces) who used public transit to commute to work, the vast majority rode the bus, with a very small number of individuals commuting via passenger ferries, light rail, streetcars or commuter trains. Between 2006 and 2016, the percentage of commuters that used public transit increased by 0.3 percentage points within the province and by 1.4 percentage points nationally. Percentage of Commuters That Use Public Transit (2016) 12.4% 2.5% 1.3% 6.4% 2.3% 13.7% 14.6% 9.4% 2.9% 10.1% 13.1% 3.9% 1.2% 0.8% Canada NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC YT NT NU Of the provinces and territories, New Brunswick had the lowest percentage of the commuters (5.0%) that walked or biked to work (6.9% nationally); walking or biking to work was most common in the territories. Percentage of Commuters that Walk or Bike to Work (2016) 6.9% 5.0% 5.8% 6.9% 5.0% 7.1% 6.5% 7.1% 6.7% 5.6% 9.3% 12.0% 25.4% 44.4% Canada NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC YT NT NU Among New Brunswickers, the youth and senior populations were the most likely to walk or bike to work. In 2016, 8.2% of youth ages 15 to 24 and 8.8% of those ages 75 and over walked or biked to work. Public transit usage among New Brunswick commuters was highest among youth, and lowest among seniors. In 2016, 4.2% of youth ages 15 to 24 used public transit as their main mode of commuting in 2016, compared to 1.5% of those ages 65 to 74 and 1.2% of those 75 years and over. Between 2006 and 2016, the percentage of commuters that walked or biked to work decreased by 2.3 percentage points within the province, and by 0.8 percentage points nationally. Page 5 of 18
Distribution of Main Mode of Commuting by Age Group (New Brunswick, 2016) 15 to 24 Years 25 to 54 Years 55 to 64 Years 65 to 74 Years 75 Years and Over Car, Truck or Van 86.2% 92.1% 91.9% 91.1% 87.6% As a Driver 65.8% 85.9% 86.9% 87.1% 84.1% As a Passenger 20.4% 6.2% 5.0% 4.0% 4.0% Sustainable Transportation 12.4% 6.6% 6.4% 6.4% 10.0% Public Transit 4.2% 2.1% 2.0% 1.5% 1.2% Walking or Biking 8.2% 4.5% 4.4% 5.0% 8.8% Other 1.4% 1.3% 1.7% 2.4% 2.4% New Brunswickers whose main mode of commuting was a car, truck, or van had significantly higher income levels than those who used public transportation or walked or biked to work. In 2015, median individual employment income for New Brunswickers whose main mode of commuting was a car, truck or van was $37,465, compared to $23,362 for those who used public transportation and $24,102 for those who walked or biked to work. Using sustainable transportation (public transit or walking or biking) was more common among immigrants in the province compared to non-immigrants. At the time of the Census, 10.8% of immigrants (15.3% of recent immigrants iii ) reported using sustainable transportation as their main mode of commuting, compared to 7.0% of non-immigrants. These numbers are likely heavily influenced by factors such as distance to work and the availability of public transit (compared to non-immigrants, New Brunswick immigrants were more likely to be living in one of the province s three major centres as of 2016). 2.2 Sub-Provincial In 2016, compared to those living in other parts of the province, those living in one of the province s three largest CMA/CAs (Fredericton, Moncton, Saint John) were more likely to use public transit or to walk or bike to work. At the time of the Census, 3.5% of commuters in the province s three major urban centres reported using public transit to get to work, while 6.0% reporting walking or biking to work; in the rest of the province, only 0.9% of commuters used public transit, and only 3.8% walked or biked to work. The low usage of public transit in rural parts of the province is largely a reflection of the lack of availability of public transit in these areas, and is likely a barrier to employment for some residents in these areas. Page 6 of 18
Distribution of Main Mode of Commuting by CMA/CA (New Brunswick, 2016) CMA/CA Car, Truck or Van Public Transit Walking or Biking Other Three Major Centres 89.3% 3.5% 6.0% 1.2% Fredericton 89.2% 2.8% 6.9% 1.2% Moncton 89.3% 3.4% 6.0% 1.3% Saint John 89.4% 4.1% 5.3% 1.1% Other CMA/CAs 93.6% 1.0% 3.8% 1.7% Non-CMA/CA 93.6% 0.9% 3.7% 1.8% New Brunswick 91.3% 2.3% 5.0% 1.5% Although commuters in the province s three major urban centres were, in general, less likely to use a car, truck or van to get to work, commuters in these areas were in fact more likely to be a passenger in a car compared to commuters in other parts of the province (8.7% in these centres, compared to 6.5% of the rest of the province). Of the province s three major urban centres in 2016, commuters in Saint John were the most likely to be using their area s public transit system (4.1%), while commuters in Fredericton were the most likely to walk or bike (6.9%). Section 3 Commuting Distance 3.1 Overview In 2016, compared to the country as a whole, more New Brunswickers tended to live close to their place of work. At the time of the Census, of New Brunswickers that had a usual place of work iv, 38.8% lived less than five kilometres away from their place of work, compared to 36.5% at a national level. In the province, this percentage was highest among seniors ages 65 and over (47.9%) and youth ages 15 to 24 (44.2%). This represented a decrease from 2006, when 40.2% of New Brunswickers lived less than five kilometres from their place of work (36.3% nationally). Percentage of Commuters That Live Less than 5 Kilometres Away From Their Place of Work (2016) 36.5% 45.3% 44.5% 37.4% 38.8% 35.8% 33.0% 41.1% 51.6% 35.2% 42.2% 62.7% 75.0% 79.5% Canada NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC YT NT NU Page 7 of 18
14.7% of New Brunswickers lived twenty-five or more kilometres away from their place of work in 2016, compared to 14.2% nationally. In the province, this percentage was lowest among New Brunswickers 65 years and over, at 11.2%. This represented an increase from 2006, when 14.2% of New Brunswickers lived twenty-five or more kilometres away from their place of work (14.0% nationally). Percentage of Commuters That Lived 25 or More Kilometres Away From Their Place of Work (2016) 14.2% 15.6% 14.4% 13.9% 14.7% 12.6% 17.3% 11.2% 14.1% 12.7% 10.5% 10.5% 7.2% 3.7% Canada NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC YT NT NU While overall, only 5.4% of New Brunswick commuters walked or biked to work in 2016, this percentage was much higher for those who lived close to their place of work. At the time of the Census, 35.0% of those who lived less than one kilometre from their place of work walked or biked to work, along with 6.6% of those who lived less than five but more than one kilometre from their place of work. In 2016, 60.7% of New Brunswickers who lived less than one kilometre from work used a car, truck or van as their main method of commuting, compared to 49.6% nationally. Cumulative Distribution of Commuters by Distance to Work (2016) Less than 1 km Less than 3 km Less than 5 km Less than 7 km Less than 10 km Less than 15 km Less than 20 km Less than 25 km Less than 30 km Less than 35 km Any Distance 7.9% 23.8% 36.5% 46.8% 58.6% 72.0% 80.4% 85.8% 89.3% 91.8% 100.0% Canada 7.9% 25.1% 38.8% 49.8% 61.3% 72.2% 80.3% 85.3% 88.4% 91.0% 100.0% New Brunswick Page 8 of 18
3.2 Sub-Provincial Those living in non-cma/ca parts of the province tended to live further away from their place of work compared to those living in one of the provinces seven CMA/CAs. In 2016, only 31.4% of those living in non-cma/ca parts of the province lived less than five kilometres of their place of work, compared to 42.4% of those living in CMA/CA parts of the province. Perhaps even more striking, 26.1% of commuters in non-cma/ca parts of the province lived twenty-five or more kilometres away from their place of work, compared to 9.2% of those living in CMA/CA parts of the province. Distance from Work by CMA/CA (New Brunswick, 2016) CMA/CA Less than 5 km 25 km or More Three Major Centres 42.5% 8.8% Fredericton 41.7% 8.1% Moncton 47.4% 6.3% Saint John 37.1% 12.6% Other CMA/CAs 42.0% 10.7% Non-CMA/CA 31.4% 26.1% New Brunswick 38.8% 14.7% Of the province s three largest urban centres, those living in the Saint John CMA/CA tended to live the furthest from their place of work. In 2016, only 37.1% of those living in the Saint John CMA lived within five kilometres of their place of work, compared to 41.7% in the Fredericton CA and 47.4% in the Moncton CMA. In terms of what percentage of the population lived relatively far from their place of work, 12.6% of commuters in the Saint John CMA lived twentyfive or more kilometres from their place of work, compared to 8.1% in the Fredericton CA, and 6.3% in the Moncton CMA. Section 4 Commuting Duration 4.1 Overview Compared to most Canadians, New Brunswickers had a relatively short commute in 2016. In 2016, the average commuting duration for New Brunswickers was 18.9 minutes, compared to 26.2 minutes nationally. This represented a small decrease (-0.2 minutes) in commuting duration for New Brunswickers from 2011 (the first time this data was collected) but an increase for Canadians in general (+0.8 minutes). Page 9 of 18
Average Commuting Duration in Minutes (2016) 26.2 20.5 18.0 22.2 18.9 25.8 28.8 22.4 18.8 25.0 25.9 16.5 12.9 10.0 Canada NL PE NS NB QC ON MB SK AB BC YT NT NU At the time of the Census, New Brunswick s average commute time was lower than both the national and Atlantic averages for all methods of commuting. This is likely largely influenced by New Brunswick commuters relatively short commuting distance, along with other factors including but not limited to: amount of traffic, laws and regulations (e.g. speed limits), and the availability and popularity of specific types of public transit (bus, train, etc.). Average Commuting Duration (in Minutes) by Main Method of Commuting (2016) Commuting Method New Brunswick Atlantic Provinces Canada Car, Truck or Van 18.9 19.9 24.1 As a Driver 18.9 20.0 24.3 As a Passenger 18.2 19.2 22.5 Sustainable Transportation 18.2 22.6 34.1 Public Transit 31.4 36.5 44.8 Walking or Biking 12.2 13.3 14.9 Other 25.3 39.7 31.6 All Methods of Commuting 18.9 20.5 26.2 3.9% of New Brunswick workers had a commute that was 60 minutes or longer in 2016, compared 9.4% at a national level. 4.2 Sub-Provincial Those living in non-cma/ca parts of the province tended to have a longer commute time compared to those living in one of the provinces seven CMA/CAs. In 2016, the average commute time of those living in non-cma/ca parts of the province was 20.6 minutes, compared to 18.0 minutes for those living in CMA/CA parts of the province. This is likely primarily a result of commuters distance from work, as can be seen in section 2.2. In 2016, of those living in the one of the province s seven CMA/CAs, those living in the Campbellton CA had the shortest average commute time (15.4 minutes), while those living in the Saint John CMA had the longest average commute time (20.1 minutes). Page 10 of 18
Commuting Duration Statistics by CMA/CA (New Brunswick, 2016) CMA/CA Average Commuting Duration (Minutes) Percentage of Population with a Commute Time of 60 Minutes or Longer Three Major Centres 18.3 2.8% Fredericton 18.0 2.6% Moncton 17.0 2.5% Saint John 20.1 3.2% Other CMA/CAs 16.7 3.7% Non-CMA/CA 20.6 5.7% New Brunswick 18.9 3.9% Section 5 Commuting Destination and Commuting Flow 5.1 Overview At the time of the census, of New Brunswickers who had a usual place of work, 45.4% commuted within the municipality that they lived in, 34.7% commuted within the county that they lived in, but in a different municipality 18.0% commuted to a county (within New Brunswick) other than the one they lived in and 1.9% commuted to a different province or territory. Compared to the country as a whole, New Brunswickers were less likely to live and work within the same municipality in 2016 (45.4% within the province compared to 58.3% nationally). Compared to the country as a whole, New Brunswickers were more likely to commute to a different province or territory in 2016 (1.9% of New Brunswickers with a usual place of work, compared to 1.1% nationally). Commuting to a different province or territory was especially common in the Greater Moncton area (Moncton, Dieppe, Sackville, etc.). Distribution of New Brunswickers with a Usual Place of Work (2016) Commute: New Brunswick Canada Within municipality of residence 45.4% 58.3% To a different municipality within county of residence 34.7% 20.9% To a different municipality outside of county of residence 18.0% 19.6% To a different province or territory 1.9% 1.1% Page 11 of 18
5.2 Sub-Provincial In 2016, of Canadians whose usual place of work was within the city of Moncton: 50.3% lived in Moncton 24.0% lived in the municipalities or Dieppe or Riverview. 25.3% lived in other parts of the province (other than Moncton or the municipalities mentioned above) 0.3% lived in other provinces or territories (Nova Scotia) Geography of Residence of Commuters Whose Usual Place of Work is Within the City of Moncton (2016) Page 12 of 18
In 2016, of Canadians whose usual place of work was within the city of Saint John: 59.1% lived in Saint John 20.4% lived in the municipalities of Quispamsis or Rothesay 20.4% lived in other parts of the province (other than Saint John or the municipalities mentioned above) 0.1% lived in other provinces or territories (Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador) Geography of Residence of Commuters Whose Usual Place of Work is Within the City of Saint John (2016) Page 13 of 18
In 2016: of Canadians whose usual place of work was within the city of Fredericton: 58.0% lived in Fredericton 22.4% lived in one of the following five municipalities: Douglas, Lincoln, Hanwell, Saint Marys, New Maryland 19.6% lived in other parts of the province (other than Fredericton or the municipalities mentioned above) 0.1% lived in other provinces or territories (Nova Scotia) Geography of Residence of Commuters Whose Usual Place of Work is Within the City of Fredericton (2016) Page 14 of 18
In 2016, of Canadians whose usual place of work was within the city of Bathurst: 40.6% lived in Bathurst (city) 44.9% lived in the municipalities of Bathurst (parish), Beresford (parish), or Beresford (town) 14.6% lived in other parts of the province (other than Bathurst or the municipalities mentioned above) Geography of Residence of Commuters Whose Usual Place of Work is Within the City of Bathurst (2016) Page 15 of 18
In 2016, of Canadians whose usual place of work was within the city of Miramichi: 61.9% lived in Miramichi 17.9% lived in one of the following four municipalities: Northesk, Glenelg, Southesk, Newcastle 20.2% lived in other parts of the province (other than Miramichi or the municipalities mentioned above) Geography of Residence of Commuters Whose Usual Place of Work is Within the City of Miramichi (2016) Page 16 of 18
In 2016, of Canadians whose usual place of work was within the city of Campbellton: 39.9% lived in Campbellton 19.2% lived in Atholville 35.1% lived in other parts of the province (other than Campbellton or Atholville) 5.8% lived in other provinces or territories (Quebec) Geography of Residence of Commuters Whose Usual Place of Work is Within the City of Campbellton (2016) Page 17 of 18
In 2016, of Canadians whose usual place of work was within the city of Edmundston: 66.8% lived in Edmundston 12.6% lived in the municipalities of Saint-Joseph or Saint-Jacques 19.2% lived in other parts of the province (other than Edmundston or the municipalities mentioned above) 1.4% lived in other provinces or territories (Quebec) Geography of Residence of Commuters Whose Usual Place of Work is Within the City of Edmundston (2016) i The variable usually relates to the individual's job held during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2016. However, if the person did not work during that week but had worked at some time since January 1, 2015, the information relates to the job held the longest during that period. ii For the purposes of this report the main mode of commuting category other, refers to those whose main mode of commuting was neither car, truck, or van or sustainable transportation. Examples of other modes of transportation include, but are not limited to: motorcycle, scooter, and moped. iii For the purposes of this document, recent immigrant refers to those who immigrated to Canada between 2011 and 2016. iv All data on commuting distance pertains only to individuals who had a usual place of work Page 18 of 18