EU Crisis Management after Lisbon

EU Crisis Management after Lisbon

EU Crisis Management after Lisbon A New Model to Address Security Challenges in the 21 st Century? Nicoletta Pirozzi Cambridge Antwerp Portland

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To my family

He who overcomes crisis, overcomes himself, without getting overcome. Albert Einstein, The World as I See It, 1931

Acknowledgements This book is the result of research that started ten years ago, when I began investigating the European Union and its nascent security and defence policy, and culminated in my PhD thesis in 2013. I wish to thank Professor Vittorio Emanuele Parsi for his precious supervision and advice during the PhD program, and Professor Gianni Bonvicini and Professor Serena Giusti, as well as the anonymous reviewers of this book, for their valuable comments and insights. I also would also like to thank all those who sowed the seeds of research in my academic and professional path, and made me passionate about the European project. I owe my greatest debt of gratitude to all those who accompanied my growth with love, affection, support and stimulus, making me confident in people and optimistic about the future. Intersentia ix

Contents Acknowledgements... ix List of Abbreviations...xiii Introduction...1 Chapter 1. Conceptualising EU Crisis Management in the Post Lisbon Era. 7 Chapter 2. Internal Dynamics of the Post Lisbon EU s Crisis Management Model... 21 1. Innovations of the Lisbon Treaty in the Field of Crisis Management... 22 1.1. Principles... 22 1.2. Institutions... 25 1.3. Mechanisms... 35 2. Internal Dynamics of EU Crisis Management... 40 2.1. Formal and Informal Institutionalisation in the Post-Lisbon Architecture... 41 2.2. Centres of Powers of the Crisis Management System... 45 2.3. Interaction among Actors in the Decision-Making Process... 50 2.4. Ideational Framework of Post-Lisbon Crisis Management... 56 2.5. Collective Purpose among Actors and Policies... 59 3. Conclusion... 63 Chapter 3. Interaction between the EU and the International Security Environment... 67 1. Role of International Norms and the United Nations... 68 2. New Security-Political Challenges... 74 3. Redefinition of the Concept of Security... 77 4. Proliferation of Non-State Actors in the Field of Security... 81 5. Cooperation with Other Regional Crisis Managers: NATO and the African Union... 85 6. Conclusion... 91 Chapter 4. Assessing Post-Lisbon EU Crisis Management in the Field: The Cases of the Horn of Africa and the Sahel Regions... 93 1. EUCAP Nestor... 95 2. EUAVSEC South Sudan... 105 Intersentia xi

EU Crisis Management After Lisbon 3. EUCAP SAHEL Niger... 111 4. EUTM Mali... 121 5. Lessons Learned from EU Operational Crisis Management after Lisbon 130 Chapter 5. The EU as a Crisis Manager in the 21 st Century... 135 1. The Security Context of the 21 st Century and Main Trends of Crisis Management Operations... 135 2. The Sense of Doctrine: a New Strategic Document for the EU s External Action... 141 3. The Institutional Conundrum: Improving Efficiency of Structures and Procedures... 146 4. European Boots on the Ground: Enhancing Effectiveness in the Field. 149 Conclusion... 155 Appendix 1. EU Crisis Management Missions 2003 2015... 159 Appendix 2. Organisation chart of the European External Action Service... 173 Bibliography... 177 xii Intersentia

List of Abbreviations ACP AFISMA ALTHEA AMib AMis AMISEC AMISOM AMM AMU APsa AQIM ARTEMIS ASEan asf ata AU PSC BEPa CAERT CCA CEN-SAD CEWS CFSP CFSP/CSDP CGPCS CIMIC CIVCOM CMC CMPD Coarf COMESA CONCORDIA CONOPS african, Caribbean and Pacific African-led Military Mission to Mali European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina african Union Mission in Burundi african Union Mission in the Darfur region of Sudan African Union Mission in the Comoros African Union Mission in Somalia aceh Monitoring Mission arab Maghreb Union african Peace and Security Architecture al-qaida in the Maghreb European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo association of South-East Asian Nations african Stand-by Force anti-terrorism Assistance African Union Peace and Security Council bureau of European Policy Advisors Centre Afrique d Etude e Recherche sur le Terrorisme Country Conflict Assessment Community of Sahel-Saharan States Continental Early Warning System Common Foreign and Security Policy Common Foreign and Security Policy/Common Security and Defence Policy Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia Civilian-Military Cooperation Civilian Crisis Management Committee Crisis Management Concept Crisis Management and Planning Directorate africa Working Party Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa European Union Military Operation in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Concept of Operations Intersentia xiii

EU Crisis Management After Lisbon COREPER Cosi CPA CPCC CPN CRS CRT CSD CSDP CSOs CSOs DCI DDR DG DG DEVCO DG HOME DG RELEX DPKO DSACEUR E/CSDP EAC EC ECCAS ECHO ECOWAS EDA EDF EEAS EGS EIDHR ENI ENPI ENTRi EP EPC ESDC ESDP ESPAS ESS EU Committee of Permanent Representatives standing Committee on Operational Cooperation on Internal Security Comprehensive Peace Agreement Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability Conflict Prevention Network Crisis Response System Civilian Response Team Commission on Sustainable Development Common Security and Defence Policy Civil Society Organisations Civilian Strategic Options Development and Cooperation Initiative Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Directorate General Directorate General for Development Cooperation Directorate General for Home Affairs Directorate General for External Relations Department of Peacekeeping Operations Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe European/Common Security and Defence Policy East African Community European Commission Economic Community of Central African States Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department Economic Community of West African States European Defence Agency European Development Fund European External Action Service European Global Strategy European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights European Neighbourhood Instrument European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument Europe s New Training Initiative for Civilian Crisis Management European Parliament European Political Cooperation European Security and Defence College European Security and Defence Policy European Strategy and Analysis System European Security Strategy European Union xiv Intersentia

List of Abbreviations EU APSA EU ISS EU SSR Guinea-Bissau EUAVSEC South Sudan EUBAM Rafah European Union Architecture for Peace and Security in Africa European Union Institute for Security Studies European Union Mission in support of the Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau European Union Aviation Security Mission in South Sudan European Union Border Assistance Mission at Rafah crossing point EUCAP Nestor European Union Mission on Regional Maritime Capacity Building in the Horn of Africa EUCAP European Union Common Security and Defence Policy SAHEL Mali Mission in Mali EUCAP European Union Common Security and Defence Policy SAHEL Niger Mission in Niger EUFOR Libya European Union Military Operation in Libya EUFOR RD Congo European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo EUFOR Tchad/RCA European Union Military Operation in the Republic of Chad and in the Central African Republic EUJUST LEX Iraq European Union Integrated Rule of Law Mission for Iraq EUJUST THEMIS European Union Rule of Law Mission to Georgia EULEX Kosovo European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo EUMC European Union Military Committee EUMM Georgia European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia EUMS European Union Military Staff EUNAVFOR European Union Naval Force Somalia Operation Atalanta Atalanta EUPAT European Union Police Advisory Team in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EUPM Bosnia and European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzegovina EUPOL European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan Afghanistan EUPOL COPPS European Union Police Mission in the Palestinian Territories EUPOL Kinshasa European Union Police Mission in Kinshasa EUPOL RD Congo European Union Police Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo EUSatCen European Union Satellite Centre EUSEC RD Congo European Union Mission to provide advice and assistance for Security Sector Reform in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Intersentia xv

EU Crisis Management After Lisbon EUSR EUTM Mali EUTM Somalia EWRM FAC fao fbi FOMUC FPi FYROM G20 G8 GNP GTZ HACP HR HR/VP HRGO IAI ICao ICC ICiss ICRC IcSP Ifs IGAD IMo INTCEN IPTF isaf JAES JUSSEC LNG LTV MARSIC MASE MD CR&OC MEP MICROPAX European Union Special Representative European Union Training Mission in Mali European Union Training Mission for Somalia Early Warning Risk Matrix foreign Affairs Council food and Agriculture Organisation federal Bureau of Investigations Multinational Force in Central African Republic foreign Policy Instrument Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia group of Twenty group of Eight gross National Product Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit High Authority for the Consolidation of Peace High Representative High Representative/Vice-President Human Rights and Gender Office Istituto Affari Internazionali international Civil Aviation Organisation international Criminal Court international Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty international Committee of the Red Cross instrument contributing to Stability and Peace instrument for Stability intergovernmental Authority on Development international Maritime Organisation Intelligence Analysis Centre United Nations International Police Task Force international Security Assistance Force Joint Africa-European Union Strategy Justice et Sécurité en région Sahélo-Saharienne Liquefied Natural Gas Long Term Vision Critical Maritime Routes Programme regional Maritime Security Programme Managing Department for Crisis Response and Operational Coordination Member of the European Parliament Mission for the consolidation of peace in Central African Republic xvi Intersentia

List of Abbreviations MINURCAT MINUSCA MINUSMA MISCa MMA MSOs NAC naf nato ngo NIC oas OAU OCHa OPLAN Ops Centre OSCE PAD PAJED PI PISM PMG PoW PROXIMA PSC PSOs R2P RECs ReMISC RMCb ROLs SADC SALW SC SHAPE SITCEN SOMa SPLM ssr United Nations Mission in Central African Republic and Chad United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in the Central African Republic Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali african-led International Support Mission to the Central African Republic Monitoring, Mentoring and Advising Military Strategic Options north Atlantic Council nigerien Armed Forces north Atlantic Treaty Organization non-governmental Organisation national Intelligence Council organisation of American States organisation of the African Unity office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Operation Plan Operations Centre organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Political Affairs Department Programme d appui à la justice et à l Etat de droit Partnership Instrument Polish Institute of International Affairs Political-Military Group Panel of the Wise European Union Police Mission in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Political and Security Committee Peace Support Operations responsibility to Protect regional Economic Communities Regional Maritime Information Sharing Centre regional Maritime Capacity Building rule of Law and Security southern African Development Community small Arms and Light Weapons security Council supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Situation Centre status of Mission Agreement sudan s People Liberation Movement security Sector Reform Intersentia xvii

EU Crisis Management After Lisbon TAM TEU TFEU tfg UAE Ui UK UN UNAMID UNDP UNMIK UNMIS UNMISS UNODC UNSC UNSMIL US VP WEU WMD ZIF technical Assessment Mission treaty on European Union treaty on the Functioning of the European Union transitional Federal Government United Arab Emirates swedish Institute of International Affairs United Kingdom United Nations Hybrid African Union/United Nations Operation in Darfur United Nations Development Programme United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo United Nations Mission in Sudan United Nations Mission in South Sudan United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations Security Council United Nations Support Mission in Libya United States Vice-President Western European Union Weapons of Mass Destruction Centre for International Peace Operations xviii Intersentia