Profile of Migration and Remittances: Estonia June 2012 This profile of migration and in Estonia, as well as similar profiles for EU 10 and Western Balkan countries, attempts to provide consistent and reliable estimates of migration and. The profile also provides information on regulations on migration and. The goal of this profile is to promote improvement in data collection, monitoring of migration and remittance trends, as well as to inform policy makers and other stakeholders working on migration and. This profile will be updated annually using all available national and international sources. This country profile covers the following areas: (1) Migration stocks and flows (2) Remittances flows and channels (3) Regulations pertaining to migration and 1
(1) Migration stocks and flows Emigrant Stocks Table 1: Number of emigrants in 2010 (thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation 69.1 EU Sweden 15 Finland 18.6 Germany 6.1 Latvia 3.5 Ireland 3.5 United Kingdom 2.6 Other United States 12.7 Canada 6.1 Other countries 24.9 Total 176.9 Note: Data is for foreign born population in the destination country. Foreign nationality data is used where this data is not available. Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 2: Emigration of Physicians, stocks Year Number of physician emigrants Number of physicians in Estonia Medical Brain Drain 1991 177 5,519 3.1% 1992 187 5,004 3.6% 1993 194 4,792 3.9% 1994 201 4,682 4.1% 1995 205 4,586 4.3% 1996 209 4,458 4.5% 1997 212 4,360 4.6% 1998 221 4,311 4.9% 1999 220 4,411 4.7% 2000 222 4,422 4.8% 2001 233 4,311 5.1% 2
2002 265 4,292 5.8% 2003 294 4,276 6.4% 2004 446 4,276 9.4% Source: Bhargava, Alok, Frédéric Docquier and Yasser Moullan. Revised panel data set on physician emigration (1991 2004). February 2010. Immigrant Stocks Table 3: Immigrant stock in 2010 (foreign nationals, thousands) Destination Emigrant stock CIS Russian Federation 137.86 Ukraine 18.2 Belarus 10.7 EU Latvia 3.1 Lithuania 1.5 Finland 0.9 Other countries 10.24 Total 182.5 Source: Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 Table 4: Immigrant stock in 2000 by gender and age group (foreign born, thousands) Age Group Male Female Total Unknown 62 49 111 00 04 202 220 422 05 09 447 460 907 10 14 1,051 1 2,061 15 19 2,058 2,024 4,082 20 24 2,875 2,927 5,802 25 29 3,485 3,907 7,392 30 34 4 5,875 10,705 35 39 8,339 10,274 18,613 40 44 11,779 14 26,169 45 49 11,856 15,042 26,898 50 54 10,627 14,023 24 55 59 9,068 12,309 21,377 60 64 13,177 19,378 32,555 65 69 8,937 15,189 24,126 70 74 8,021 15,795 23,816 75 79 3 9,788 13,048 80+ 2 7,307 9,457 Total 102,224 149,967 252,191 Source: Estonia census 2000 via UN Global Migration Database. 3
Migration flows Table 5: Flows of international migrants, persons Immigrants Emigrants Age group 2000 2005 2009 2000 2005 2009 0 4 10 75 300 60 177 242 5 9 1 53 92 84 203 263 10 14 2 33 70 143 187 193 15 19 0 40 162 179 295 217 20 24 0 113 711 175 575 561 25 29 2 170 625 165 682 796 30 34 5 175 455 133 567 610 35 39 8 155 368 152 463 455 40 44 1 120 303 169 404 417 45 49 1 106 250 148 382 302 50 54 3 79 160 101 263 291 55 59 1 94 130 47 136 145 60 64 0 55 91 56 70 62 65 69 1 68 56 57 76 36 70 74 0 29 40 54 55 30 75 79 0 44 27 37 39 19 80 84 0 20 31 13 28 14 80+ 0 7 13 11 8 5 Total 35 1,436 3,884 1,784 4,610 4,658 Source: Statistics of Estonia; Statistical Database of Estonia (www.stat.ee) Refugee population Table 6: Refugees, asylum seekers, internally displaced persons Country of asylum: Estonia Country of origin: Estonia Refugees 50 224 People in refugee like situations Total refugees and people in refugee like situations 50 224 Asylum seekers (pending cases) 9 39 Returned refugees IDPs protected/ assisted by UNHCR, incl. people in IDP like situations 1 Returned IDPs Stateless persons 97,749 Various Total population of concern 97,808 263 4
Source: UNHCR 2011 Global Trends (2) Remittance flows and channels Remittance flows Table 7: Quarterly remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* Inflows Outflows (US $, millions) Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant 2008 Q1 15.7 74.9 0.0 90.6 0.4 26.7 0.0 27.1 2008 Q2 16.0 82.0 0.0 98.0 0.4 25.4 0.0 25.8 2008 Q3 15.4 78.7 0.0 94.1 0.4 24.4 0.0 24.8 2008 Q4 13.3 66.3 0.0 79.6 0.4 19.8 0.0 20.2 2009 Q1 14.2 57.5 0.0 71.7 0.4 17.2 0.0 17.6 2009 Q2 13.4 56.8 0.0 70.2 0.3 18.3 0.0 18.6 2009 Q3 13.9 67.9 0.0 81.8 1.3 19.2 0.0 20.5 2009 Q4 15.5 67.2 0.0 82.7 0.4 21 0.0 21.4 2010 Q1 15.0 62.1 0.0 77.1 0.9 18 0.0 18.9 2010 Q2 12.5 57.1 0.0 69.6 1 24 0.0 25 2010 Q3 12.8 77.2 0.0 90.0 0.8 21.7 0.0 22.5 2010 Q4 14.6 68.9 0.0 83.5 0.9 26.9 0.0 27.8 2011 Q1 15.1 72.0 0.0 87.1 1 19.1 0.0 20.1 2011 Q2 14.7 88.7 0.0 103.4 1.2 21 0.0 22.2 2011 Q3 15.7 95.8 0.0 111.5 1.1 20.5 0.0 21.6 2011 Q4 15.9 88.6 0.0 104.5 1.4 20.8 0.0 22.2 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 1993 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. 5
Table 8: Annual remittance flows (BPM5 Framework)* (US $, millions) Inflows Outflows Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant Workers' Compensation of employees Migrants' transfers Migrant 2000 0.3 3.7 0.0 4 1.5 1.6 0.0 3.1 2001 3.2 7.8 0.0 11 1.3 0.9 0.0 2.2 2002 5.4 13.7 0.0 19.1 3.1 1.6 0.0 4.7 2003 9.2 42.0 0.0 51.2 2.2 16.4 0.0 18.6 2004 11.9 155.0 0.0 166.9 1.3 25.2 0.0 26.5 2005 9.5 254.5 0.0 264 1.2 49.2 0.0 50.4 2006 9.6 392.2 0.0 401.8 1.5 73.9 0.0 75.4 2007 29.7 381.2 0.0 410.9 1.9 90.7 0.0 92.6 2008 60.4 301.9 0.0 362.3 1.6 96.3 0.0 97.9 2009 57.0 249.3 0.0 306.3 2.4 75.7 0.0 78.1 2010 54.9 265.2 0.0 320.1 3.5 90.7 0.0 94.2 2011 61.4 345.2 0.0 406.6 4.7 81.4 0.0 86.1 Source: IMF Balance of Payments Database * BPM5: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 1993 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Table 9: Annual remittance flows (BPM6 Framework)* Inflows Outflows Compensation of employees Personal transfers o.w. Workers Personal Total Total and transfers Note: This section is currently blank but will be filled when BPM6 is implemented in Estonia * BPM6: The sixth edition of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6, the Manual) published in 2007 serves as the standard framework for statistics on the transactions and positions between an economy and the rest of the world. Channels of flows providers Information flows through commercial banks, post offices, savings cooperatives, microfinance institutions, mobile money transfers is currently unavailable. 6
Remittance costs Table 10: Cost of sending to Estonia from Russia (percent) Amount sent=> $200 $500 2008 5.81 4.68 Q1 2009 3.63 3.63 Q3 2009 5.91 4.37 Q1 2010 2.80 2.46 Q3 2010 2.66 2.32 Q1 2011 5.74 4.23 Q3 2011 4.62 3.44 Q1 2012 3.84 3.03 Source: World Bank Remittance Price Database (3) Regulations pertaining to migration and Table 11: Regulations pertaining to migration Immigration topic Regulation Institutions responsible for immigration Ministry of Internal Affairs (http://www.politsei.ee/en/) Immigration regulations and laws The Aliens Act (2004) The Identity Documents Act (2000) Citizenship Act (1995) Source: IOM International Organization for Migration Comparative study of the laws in the 27 EU members states for legal immigration (2008) Immigration quotas by nationality of origin Not available Types of visas available for immigrants Short stay visas (category C), for a period of stay up to 90 days; and long term visas (category D), for a period of stay up to six month Source: IOM International Organization for Migration Comparative study of the laws in the 27 EU members states for legal immigration (2008) http://www.iom.int/jahia/jsp/index.jsp Types of occupations in which immigrants No are allowed Emigration topic Institutions responsible for emigration Restrictions on emigration Cost of passports and visas Dual citizenship Regulation Not available Not available Not available Not available 7
Table 12: Regulations pertaining to Remittances topic Regulation Institutions responsible for monitoring and National Bank of Estonia regulating (http://www.eestipank.info/frontpage/en/) Types of private sector firms allowed to Money transfer firms (Western Union, MoneyGram, etc) perform inward and outward remittance transactions Reporting requirement for data Reporting requirements exist but are different by type of by commercial banks and other types of provider. remittance service providers Restrictions on inward/outward transfers Not available Anti money laundering and combating the Not available financing of terrorism (AML CFT) requirements 8