AP European History Study Guide Chapter 26 v Long term cause nationalism Ø Ignite competition Ø Increases in empire central and eastern Europe Balkans groups demand independence Ø Imperial powers superiority Ø Nationalist groups/secret societies protest Ø Radicals = anarchy and other radical political groups Against government will use violence v Long term causes imperialism Ø Deepens rivalries Ø Economic and colonial competition Distrust and suspicion Conflict over boundaries Compete for markets Ø Commercial rivalry Germany and Great Britain Ø First Moroccan crisis France controls German demands access to ports (equal access) Great Britain agree France to isolate Germany v Long term cause militarism Ø Idealized view of war Ø Need to protect interest Ø He standing and reserve armies Ø Modern weapons because of the industrial revolution Ø Arms race Great Britain and German navies Ø Mandatory service men in the military in same countries v Long term causes alliance system Ø Divides Europe and creates domino effect Triple alliance Italy Germany Austrian- Hungary Later Bulgaria Called the central powers Triple Entente Russia France England Later Serbia US etc. Known as the allies Ø Dual alliance prevent Russia expand territory into the Balkans Germany and Austria- Hungary alliance Ø 1884 triple alliance Italy join Germany and Austria- Hungary Italy want African territory Ø 1894 France and Russia military alliance because Germany not resign peace treaty with Russia Ø Great Britain now aligned in alliances because personal interests Changes later
Ø 1902 Anglo- Japanese alliance Great Britain signs because Japan doesn t like Russia Agreement neutrality Protect trade routes to India and Asia Ø 1907 triple entente formed to check triple alliance v Other cause poor political leadership Ø Wilhelm II of Germany Bismarck want France no power alliance Russia/Austria- Hungary Develop strong Italy alliance Good Great Britain alliance 1890 Wilhelm fires Bismarck Refuse renewed Russian alliance Build army Ø Nicholas II Duma requires him to make concessions Makes him weak Bad advisors Ø Franz Joseph Conservatisms No reform nobility power v Balkans Ø 1908 crisis/ Bosnian Crisis Pan Slavism: Slavs nationalist movement to unite all Slavic peoples Austria annex Bosnia- Hertzgovenia Russia fail to gain access still recovering from war, back off Serbia wants no involvement Ø 1912 First Balkan War Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria Drive Turks out Serbia wants port Adriatic cant get through Montenegro not Serbs tries to annex, Austria blocks Serbs creating new modern nation Albania Ø 1913 second Balkan war Bulgaria mad Serbia and Greece because of their gain in territory Serbia defeat Bulgaria temporarily control Albania Russia back Serbia Austria with German support prevent Serbia keeping Albania Ø Third Balkan war Austria vs. Serbia v Schieffen plan Ø German Schieffen plan German invade France through Belgium defeat France and redeploy towards east and attack Russia before they can mobilize Fail when Great Britain defends Belgium Stopped just east of Paris Battle Marne
Russia mobilizes v Propaganda Ø Dehumanizing v Trench warfare Ø Results in no mans land Ø Boredom rates trench foot disease shell shock brutal deaths Ø Three years western front moves three miles v Battle Verdun and Somme Ø German attack huge loses second bloodiest Ø Allies try to end it all Somme huge failure bloodiest v New war technology Ø New weapons radio machine guns (Germans the first to use machine guns, because of their steel industry) tanks zeppelins airplanes U- boats mustard gas Ø War seen as romantic turns into hell Much bloodier and larger than expected v War in the east Ø Russia wins early, then incompetent Ø German generals defeat Russia battle Tannenberg Ø Army Large numbers Poorly organized Ø Treaty Brest- Litovsk 1917 Lenin take Russia out of the war Give up western territories Ø 1915 Italy and Bulgaria join the allies Ø Allies (Churchill) try and fail to knock Turkey at Galipoli Great Britain after this very active in Middle East to protect Suez Canal Support Arabs Arabian peninsula who are resentful of the ottomans Promise Great Britain will support creation of independent Arab nation Ø Draft men from colonies to fight in the war v Sea Ø Britain and allies naval blockade 1914 of German = sea mines Germany lose colonial empire Ø Germany sink all other vessels Ø Lusitania sunk by Germans America wants justice Ø Unrestricted submarine warfare Ø April 1917 America declares war on Germany v Total war Ø Massive support for war in 1914 massive drain in resources Ø Massive drafting Ø Government planning of all economic social life Control news agencies Ø News censorship and propaganda
Ø Social impact Expanded role for labor unions and women Greater social equality Ø Americans bring flu (more people die from the flu than people who die in the war overall) Ø Strain appears after 1916 increased repression Ø Propaganda dehumanizes the enemy v Diplomacy Ø Italy joins because promise of land Ø Germany tries to bring Mexico in Zimmerman telegram Ø Balfour declaration promises Zionists and Arabs autonomy v Woodrow Wilson s 14 points Ø Plan world peace Ø Open diplomacy Ø Self determinism Ø League of nations v The Versailles peace conference in 1918 Ø Big four lead Wilson of US Lloyd George of Great Britain of France and Orlando of Italy Ø Great Britain and France want to punish Germany Ø Wilson pushes 14 points v Treaty of Versailles Ø Austria Hungary now 6 states Ø Ottoman empire over middle east now controlled by European powers Ø Germany gives up Alsace Lorraine Ø Rhineland demilitarized Ø Peace dictated not negotiated Ø Germany lost 15% of its land Ø Germany air force not allowed only volunteer army 100,000 Ø Massive reoperations 5 billion per year overall 33 billion Ø Germany take blame war guilt clause v Overall impact WWI Ø 10 million dead 20 million wounded Ø Old order gone Hapsburgs Romanovs Ottomans Ø Europe not all powerful Ø Bolsheviks a new force could war later Ø US as a new power Ø Women get new rights Ø Leads to world war II v Russia exits the war in 1918 Ø 1903 social democratic worker s party Mensheviks and Bolsheviks (Lenin) Ø 1917 February rebellion Nicholas abdicates impact of WWI was the main cause Ø Alexander Kerensky leads provisional government that comes to be because of the February rebellion
Implement liberal program, unions, religion, equality, amnesty of POWs, elect local officials, 8 hour work day Ø 1917 October rebellion Ø Lenin s reforms Ø 1918-1920 civil war Ø Results 15 million die Economy ruined No international trade Force peasants to give food to cities Millions workers flee Worlds first communist society