HISHIG111 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE (NSC) GRADE 11 MID-YEAR EXAMINATION HISTORY (NSC11-09) D10055646-4 ADDENDUM This addendum consists of 8 pages. ICG 1 NSC Grade 11
SECTION A SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS (50 MARKS) QUESTION 1 KEY QUESTION: RISE OF CAPITALISM IN THE USA 1900 1940: HOW DID ROOSEVELT'S NEW DEAL CHANGE THE USA IN THE 1930s? SOURCE 1A A speech delivered by F D Roosevelt during his 1932 presidential campaign. I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a New Deal for the American people. This is more than a political campaign; it is a call to arms. Give me your help, not to win votes alone, but to win in this crusade to restore America. I am waging war against... Destruction, Delay, Deceit and Despair... with confidence we accept the promise of a New Deal. (Franklin Roosevelt) Roosevelt's phrase, 'a New Deal', caught the imagination of the American people. He won the election and was president until his death in 1945. The events of the New Deal were the most inspiring response to the 1930s depression made by any democratic country. Source taken from: Making History by C. Culpin, 1986 SOURCE 1B This extract, written by John Bellamy Foster, attempts to explain the aims and objectives of the New Deal Programme of the USA in the 1930s. The New Deal was not initially an attempt to stimulate the economy and generate the recovery through spending, an idea that was scarcely present in the early 1930s. Rather it consisted of ad hoc salvage or bailout measures, principally aimed at helping business, coupled with work relief programmes. The lion's share of New Deal expenditures at the outset was devoted to salvage operations. As Harvard economist Selwyn Hansen, Keynes' leading early follower in the United States, explained in 1941 in his Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles. For the most part, the federal government [in the New Deal era] engaged in a salvaging programme and not in a programme of positive expansion. This salvaging programme took the form of refinancing urban and rural debt, rebuilding the weakened capital structure of the banks, and supporting railroads at or near bankruptcy... The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, the Home Owner's Loan Corporation, and the Farm Credit Administration poured $18 billion into these salvaging operations. The federal government stepped into the breach and supported the hard-pressed state and local governments, again a salvage operation Source taken from: http://www.itulip.com [Accessed 14 March 2013] ICG 2 NSC Grade 11
SOURCE 1C This cartoon which appeared in the Washington Evening Star (1938) reflects how ordinary Americans reacted enthusiastically to the New Deal Agencies. Source taken from: www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk [Accessed 18 March 2013] ICG 3 NSC Grade 11
SOURCE 1D This is an extract from an article which discusses the effects of the legislation passed during Roosevelt's first Hundred Days in office as president. During the whole 1933 'Hundred Days' Congress, people didn't know what was going on, the public couldn't understand these things that were being passed so fast. They knew something was happening, something good for them. They began investing and working and hoping again. The bank rescue of 1933 was probably the turning point of the depression. When people were able to survive the shock of having all the banks closed, and then see the banks open up, with their money protected, there began to be confidence... It marked the revival of hope. The first New Deal was a radical (drastic) departure from American life. It put more power into the hands of the central government. At the time, it was necessary, especially in the farm industry of our economy. Left to itself, farming areas were in a state of anarchy (chaos). Beyond that there was no need to reorganise in industry. We merely needed to get the farms prospering again and create a market for the industrial products in the cities. Source taken from: Studs Terkel, interview with Raymond Moley, The Studs Terkel Program, WFMT, Chicago, 1971. ICG 4 NSC Grade 11
QUESTION 2 KEY QUESTION: IDEAS OF RACE IN THE LATE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES: WHAT EFFECT DID RACIAL POLICIES HAVE ON THE 'STOLEN GENERATIONS' IN AUSTRALIA? SOURCE 2A An extract of policies and the impact it had on the Aborigine people in Australia. Aboriginal family life has been disrupted and forcibly changed over the last two hundred years, as a result of the many segregation and assimilation policies introduced by Australian governments. Often a combination of the two was employed. The policy of segregation has impacted upon Aboriginal family life, for through this policy, Aboriginals were restricted and prohibited [from practising] their traditional culture... resulting in the loss of their Indigenous identity and limiting the cultural knowledge for future Aboriginal generations. The segregation policy [disfigured] the roles of family members, primarily the male's role within the family. The policy of assimilation, in comparison to the segregation policies, has also affected Aboriginal family life, because through the removal of children from their Aboriginal homes they too as a result were deprived of their Indigenous identity and cultural links. However, the policy of assimilation has had [a] far greater impact upon Aboriginal family life, for it has not only separated families and communities, [and] denied the parenting and nurturing of a generation of Aboriginal peoples [but] also attributed to breakdowns in relationships between the non-aboriginal and Aboriginal parent. Source taken from: http://www.studymode.com/essays/segregation-assimilation-policies-impacted- Aboriginal-43965.html [Accessed on 17 March 2013] ICG 5 NSC Grade 11
SOURCE 2B This is an extract from an article titled: Aboriginal Australia about the impact of the Australian policies on Aborigines. From 1869 right up until the 1970s the Australian Government operated a policy of forced assimilation, now known as 'The Stolen Generations'. The Federal and State Governments, along with many Church agencies, were responsible for systematically removing children from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders families. It was official government policy to do so, the idea being that the children would be better off growing up as modern, white Australians. Quite why they felt this was necessary is unclear. One unlikely theory is that the government was trying to save the younger generation from the smallpox epidemic that was expected to wipe out the Aboriginal population. Others say it was for child protection (presumably from a 'savage' life), and other theories point to 'assimilation' of the indigenous peoples into a 'superior' western lifestyle. Whatever the reasons, up to 100,000 children were forcibly taken from their families during that period and placed with white adoptive families. After mounting pressure from the people of Australia, it was only in February 2008 that the Aboriginal people finally received a formal apology from then-prime Minister Kevin Rudd. Previous Prime Ministers had refused to apologise, and had even contested the usage of the term 'stolen'. Source: http://www.embraceaustralia.com/culture/aboriginal-australia/ ICG 6 NSC Grade 11
SOURCE 2C An extract from the text of Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd's speech to Parliament published in the Sidney Morning Herald, 13 February 2008. Source taken from: www.reconciliationsa.org.au [Accessed 18 March 2013] ICG 7 NSC Grade 11
SOURCE 2D An extract from an article titled: Thoughts on the apology from a Stolen Generations child by Melissa Brickell, 12 February 2013. She is the daughter of a member of the Stolen Generations, and Director of Reconciliation Victoria. The government built the national reconciliation memorial, with a significant tribute to Stolen Generations. The river of tears at the memorial site is fitting: the grief and trauma of Stolen Generations, their families and their communities, is present and very real. The memorial was a first step which moved beyond the denial in Australian history that anything wrong or evil ever happened to Aboriginal people. The Apology itself suggests the possibility of healing for Stolen Generations and other Australians with saddened hearts. Stolen Generations and their families and many other Australians continue to come together to celebrate the Apology, and to put pressure on the government to fully realise justice for Stolen Generations peoples. Some organisations are still offering programs, and their work continues to support the Stolen Generations. But we should not dwell on the Apology and glorify it while there is still much-needed support and greater justice to be achieved for Stolen Generations and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities across Australia. The denial of natural justice through compensation for genocide is a selfish decision with moral implications. This chapter in Australia's history is not yet complete. The reparations and compensation to Stolen Generations by government would be a truer reflection of the recognition of our human rights, but alas this basic legal right to justice is denied. Until all the gaps for Stolen Generations are filled, the grief and trauma will continue. Source taken from: http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=34986 [Accessed on 18 March 2013] ICG 8 NSC Grade 11